Pattern-and-root inflectional morphology: the Arabic broken plural

International audienceنقدم نموذجًا مفصّلاً لتوصيف جموع التكسير مرتكزاً على أولوية الوزن على الجذر. ويستخلص النموذج صيغة جمع التكسير مستنداً على أحرف المفرد وصيغته. وقد تمّ تنفيذه وإختباره في ترميز 3200 مدخل معجمي. وقد أولينا اهتماماً خاصًا بإدارة الموارد اللغوية والمعاجم من اجل تسهيل عملية التوصيف لتصبح أكثر ملائمةً للخبراء في اللغّة العربيّة.يستند النموذج على المفاهيم التقليدية للوزن والجذر. وبالمقارنة مع الصرف التقليدي، فإنه يُبعد الصرف الإشتقاقي من هذا التوصيف. كما في القواميس العربية التقليدية، ويتمحور القاموس على مداخله المعجمية القابلة للتحديث، وهي إملائياً مشكولة كلياً. في نموذجنا، يتعرّف نظام التحليل الصرفي آلياً على جموع التكسير في النص مباشرةً معتمداً على قاموس أشكال مصرّفة بالكامل ودون قواعد مورفوفنولوجية أو إملائية. يعتمد تصنيف صيغ جموع التكسير مبادئ سهلة، منتظمة ومفصّلة. تم تبسيط ترميز أوزان المفرد للصوائت القصيرة (v) والطويلة (vv) دون تحديد نوعها كضمة أو فتحة، أو كسرة. تم ترميز التبدّلات المورفوفنولوجية للجذر والتغيرات الإملائية لأحرف العلة والهمزة بشكل مستقل عن صيغة الوزن و بشكل مباشر، أي دون ردّ الجذر إلى أصله ودون قواعد مورفوفونولوجية.تم تصنيف صيغ جموع التكسير تَراتُبِياً وفقاً: لوزن الجمع، فوزن المفرد، فأحرف العلّة. تقتصر صيَغ جموع التكسير الرباعية على 3 أوزان متفرعة إلى 70 صنفاً، وصِيَغ التكسير الثلاثية علـى 22 وزناً متفرعة إلى 90 صنفاً. هذه الأصناف الـ 160، تصبح 300 عندما نأخذ في الاعتبار التغيرات الإعرابية والإملائية في صيغ المفرد.We present a substantially implemented model of description of the inflectional morphology of Arabic nouns, with special attention to the management of dictionaries and other language resources by Arabic-speaking linguists. Our model includes broken plurals (BPs), i.e. plurals formed by modifying the stem. It is based on the traditional notions of root and pattern of Semitic morphology. However, as compared to traditional Arabic morphology, it keeps the formal description of inflection separate from that of derivation and semantics. As traditional Arabic dictionaries, the updatable dictionary is structured in lexical entries for lemmas, and the reference spelling is fully diacritized. In our model, morphological analysis of Arabic text is performed directly with a dictionary of words and without morphophonological rules. Our taxonomy for noun inflection is simple, orderly and detailed. We simplify the taxonomy of singular patterns by specifying vowel quantity as v or vv, and ignoring vowel quality. Root alternations and orthographical variations are encoded independently from patterns and in a factual way, without deep roots or morphophonological or orthographical rules. Nouns with a triliteral BP are classified according to 22 patterns subdivided into 90 classes, and nouns with a quadriliteral BP according to 3 patterns subdivided into 70 classes. These 160 classes become 300 inflectional classes when we take into account inflectional variations that affect only the singular. We provide a straightforward encoding scheme that we applied to 3 200 entries of BP nouns

Abstract syntax as interlingua: Scaling up the grammatical framework from controlled languages to robust pipelines

Syntax is an interlingual representation used in compilers. Grammatical Framework (GF) applies the abstract syntax idea to natural languages. The development of GF started in 1998, first as a tool for controlled language implementations, where it has gained an established position in both academic and commercial projects. GF provides grammar resources for over 40 languages, enabling accurate generation and translation, as well as grammar engineering tools and components for mobile and Web applications. On the research side, the focus in the last ten years has been on scaling up GF to wide-coverage language processing. The concept of abstract syntax offers a unified view on many other approaches: Universal Dependencies, WordNets, FrameNets, Construction Grammars, and Abstract Meaning Representations. This makes it possible for GF to utilize data from the other approaches and to build robust pipelines. In return, GF can contribute to data-driven approaches by methods to transfer resources from one language to others, to augment data by rule-based generation, to check the consistency of hand-annotated corpora, and to pipe analyses into high-precision semantic back ends. This article gives an overview of the use of abstract syntax as interlingua through both established and emerging NLP applications involving GF

Morphology and longer-distance dependencies: Laboratory research illuminating the A in SLA.

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/139783/1/S027226319700202Xa.pd

USCID fourth international conference

Presented at the Role of irrigation and drainage in a sustainable future: USCID fourth international conference on irrigation and drainage on October 3-6, 2007 in Sacramento, California.Includes bibliographical references.The National Water Resources Plan of Egypt launched in 2005 estimates that the New Lands would reach 45% of the agricultural land by 2017. The Plan envisions an increase of Egypt's agricultural land, over the period of 2000 to 2017, from 8.5 million acres to 11.2 million acres which is about 7.24% of Egypt area. The existing Oases of Egypt's Western Desert, considered part of the New Lands, form a small portion of the agricultural area. These lands are developed either by private reclamation entities or the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation through a variety of cooperative efforts including land and water grants to settlers, commercial farms, and providing services to the oases. The Government of Egypt has followed an efficient and sustainable path rooted based on the integrated water management approach in allocating substantive investments towards the development of the oases as anchors of the Western Desert New Land. This study outlines a case study on the assessment of development and management aspects of water resources and land in closed basins. The case study focuses on the implementation of integrated water management approach in Siwa Oasis. This historic Oasis has been chosen as a model of water and land management in closed basin of Egypt's New Lands. In Siwa, integrated land and water management parallel with an enabling policy that fosters social and environmental sustainability have been practiced since the late nineties. This study has concluded positive consequences of applying integrated water management in various aspects of life in Siwa Oasis. Positive indicators show an increase in crop productivity, +40%; +25% growth of organized inhabitant settlement measured by family income and livelihood standards; and improving environmental quality by more than 50%

Reconstructing Syntax

Contributing to the vigorous discussion of the viability of syntactic reconstruction, this volume offers methods for identifying i) cognates in syntax, and ii) the directionality of syntactic change, thus providing historical syntacticians with evidence that syntactic reconstruction is indeed both theoretically and practically feasible.; Readership: This volume is of interest to all historical syntacticians and historial linguists, as well as to specialists within Indo-European, Semitic, Austronesian and native American languages

One-to-many-relations in morphology, syntax, and semantics (Volume 7)

The standard view of the form-meaning interfaces, as embraced by the great majority of contemporary grammatical frameworks, consists in the assumption that meaning can be associated with grammatical form in a one-to-one correspondence. Under this view, composition is quite straightforward, involving concatenation of form, paired with functional application in meaning. In this book, we discuss linguistic phenomena across several grammatical sub-modules (morphology, syntax, semantics) that apparently pose a problem to the standard view, mapping out the potential for deviation from the ideal of one-to-one correspondences, and develop formal accounts of the range of phenomena. We argue that a constraint-based perspective is particularly apt to accommodate deviations from one-to-many correspondences, as it allows us to impose constraints on full structures (such as a complete word or the interpretation of a full sentence) instead of deriving such structures step by step