49 research outputs found
Proofs Without Syntax
"[M]athematicians care no more for logic than logicians for mathematics."
Augustus de Morgan, 1868.
Proofs are traditionally syntactic, inductively generated objects. This paper
presents an abstract mathematical formulation of propositional calculus
(propositional logic) in which proofs are combinatorial (graph-theoretic),
rather than syntactic. It defines a *combinatorial proof* of a proposition P as
a graph homomorphism h : C -> G(P), where G(P) is a graph associated with P and
C is a coloured graph. The main theorem is soundness and completeness: P is
true iff there exists a combinatorial proof h : C -> G(P).Comment: Appears in Annals of Mathematics, 2006. 5 pages + references. Version
1 is submitted version; v3 is final published version (in two-column format
rather than Annals style). Changes for v2: dualised definition of
combinatorial truth, thereby shortening some subsequent proofs; added
references; corrected typos; minor reworking of some sentences/paragraphs;
added comments on polynomial-time correctness (referee request). Changes for
v3: corrected two typos, reworded one sentence, repeated a citation in Notes
sectio
Distinguishing Views in Symmetric Networks: A Tight Lower Bound
The view of a node in a port-labeled network is an infinite tree encoding all
walks in the network originating from this node. We prove that for any integers
, there exists a port-labeled network with at most nodes and
diameter at most which contains a pair of nodes whose (infinite) views are
different, but whose views truncated to depth are
identical
Folding and unfolding phylogenetic trees and networks
Phylogenetic networks are rooted, labelled directed acyclic graphs which are commonly used to represent reticulate evolution. There is a close relationship between phylogenetic networks and multi-labelled trees (MUL-trees). Indeed, any phylogenetic network can be "unfolded" to obtain a MUL-tree and, conversely, a MUL-tree can in certain circumstances be "folded" to obtain a phylogenetic network that exhibits . In this paper, we study properties of the operations and in more detail. In particular, we introduce the class of stable networks, phylogenetic networks for which is isomorphic to , characterise such networks, and show that they are related to the well-known class of tree-sibling networks.We also explore how the concept of displaying a tree in a network can be related to displaying the tree in the MUL-tree . To do this, we develop a phylogenetic analogue of graph fibrations. This allows us to view as the analogue of the universal cover of a digraph, and to establish a close connection between displaying trees in and reconcilingphylogenetic trees with networks
Magnitude and magnitude homology of filtered sets enriched categories
In this article, we give a framework for studying the Euler characteristic
and its categorification of objects across several areas of geometry, topology
and combinatorics. That is, the magnitude theory of filtered sets enriched
categories. It is a unification of the Euler characteristic of finite
categories and it the magnitude of metric spaces, both of which are introduced
by Leinster. Our definitions cover a class of metric spaces which is broader
than the original ones, so that magnitude (co)weighting of infinite metric
spaces can be considered. We give examples of the magnitude from various
research areas containing the Poincar\'{e} polynomial of ranked posets and the
growth function of finitely generated groups. In particular, the magnitude
homology gives categorifications of them. We also discuss homotopy invariance
of the magnitude homology and its variants. Such a homotopy includes digraph
homotopy and r-closeness of Lipschitz maps. As a benefit of our categorical
view point, we generalize the notion of Grothendieck fibrations of small
categories to our enriched categories, whose restriction to metric spaces is a
notion called metric fibration that is initially introduced by Leinster. It is
remarkable that the magnitude of such a fibration is a product of those of the
fiber and the base. We especially study fibrations of graphs, and give examples
of graphs with the same magnitude but are not isomorphic.Comment: 35 pages, 1 figur