29,057 research outputs found
What Makes Discrimination Wrong?
Most of us intuitively take discrimination based on gender or ethnicity to be impermissible because we have a right to be treated on the basis of merit and capacity rather than e.g. ethnicity or gender. I call this suggestion the Impermissibility Account. I argue that, despite how the Impermissibility Account seems intuitive to most of us with a humanist outlook, it is indefensible. I show that well-informed discrimination can sometimes be permissible, and even morally required, meaning we cannot have a strict right not to be discriminated against. I then propose an alternative and more plausible account which I call the Fairness and Externalities Account, arguing that acts of discrimination are wrong partly because they are unfair and partly because they create harmful externalities whichâanalogously to pollutionâthere is a collective responsibility to minimize. Both of these factors are however defeasible, meaning that if the Fairness and Externalities Account is correct, then discrimination is sometimes permissible. These results are counterintuitive, and suggest that the ethics of discrimination requires further attention
Steady Marginality: A Uniform Approach to Shapley Value for Games with Externalities
The Shapley value is one of the most important solution concepts in
cooperative game theory. In coalitional games without externalities, it allows
to compute a unique payoff division that meets certain desirable fairness
axioms. However, in many realistic applications where externalities are
present, Shapley's axioms fail to indicate such a unique division.
Consequently, there are many extensions of Shapley value to the environment
with externalities proposed in the literature built upon additional axioms. Two
important such extensions are "externality-free" value by Pham Do and Norde and
value that "absorbed all externalities" by McQuillin. They are good reference
points in a space of potential payoff divisions for coalitional games with
externalities as they limit the space at two opposite extremes. In a recent,
important publication, De Clippel and Serrano presented a marginality-based
axiomatization of the value by Pham Do Norde. In this paper, we propose a dual
approach to marginality which allows us to derive the value of McQuillin. Thus,
we close the picture outlined by De Clippel and Serrano
Institutional Embeddedness of Local Willingness to Pay for Environmental Services: Evidence From MatiguĂĄs, Nicaragua
The concept of Payments for Environmental Services (PES) has gained increasing popularity in the conservation literature as it offers the potential to reconcile opposing social and ecological objectives by paying land owners for the positive environmental externalities they generate on their land. Based on extensive fieldwork in MatiguĂĄs, Nicaragua, this paper aims to complement the literature on locally-financed PES schemes in agricultural watersheds. Using both qualitative and quantitative research approaches, it inquires into the under-researched demand-side potential by assessing local willingness to pay (WTP) for water and watershed services in an upstream-downstream setting. Our results show a significant WTP for improved water services and a clear local consciousness about upstream-downstream interdependencies, suggesting potential for a âCoaseanâ water-related PES scheme. Contrary to expectations, the feasibility of such a locally-financed PES system is however undermined by prevailing local perceptions of agricultural externalities and entitlements, questioning the fairness of such payments. Also low levels of mutual trust seem to undermine the credibility of the PES framework. The viability and acceptance of locally-financed PES mechanisms will thus also depend on the prior social production of cognitive synergies and improved collective action.Payments for Environmental Services; Watershed; Willingness to pay; Fairness; Externalities; Institutions
POTs: Protective Optimization Technologies
Algorithmic fairness aims to address the economic, moral, social, and
political impact that digital systems have on populations through solutions
that can be applied by service providers. Fairness frameworks do so, in part,
by mapping these problems to a narrow definition and assuming the service
providers can be trusted to deploy countermeasures. Not surprisingly, these
decisions limit fairness frameworks' ability to capture a variety of harms
caused by systems.
We characterize fairness limitations using concepts from requirements
engineering and from social sciences. We show that the focus on algorithms'
inputs and outputs misses harms that arise from systems interacting with the
world; that the focus on bias and discrimination omits broader harms on
populations and their environments; and that relying on service providers
excludes scenarios where they are not cooperative or intentionally adversarial.
We propose Protective Optimization Technologies (POTs). POTs provide means
for affected parties to address the negative impacts of systems in the
environment, expanding avenues for political contestation. POTs intervene from
outside the system, do not require service providers to cooperate, and can
serve to correct, shift, or expose harms that systems impose on populations and
their environments. We illustrate the potential and limitations of POTs in two
case studies: countering road congestion caused by traffic-beating
applications, and recalibrating credit scoring for loan applicants.Comment: Appears in Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency
(FAT* 2020). Bogdan Kulynych and Rebekah Overdorf contributed equally to this
work. Version v1/v2 by Seda G\"urses, Rebekah Overdorf, and Ero Balsa was
presented at HotPETS 2018 and at PiMLAI 201
Sub-channel Assignment, Power Allocation and User Scheduling for Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Networks
In this paper, we study the resource allocation and user scheduling problem
for a downlink nonorthogonal multiple access network where the base station
allocates spectrum and power resources to a set of users. We aim to jointly
optimize the sub-channel assignment and power allocation to maximize the
weighted total sum-rate while taking into account user fairness. We formulate
the sub-channel allocation problem as equivalent to a many-to-many two-sided
user-subchannel matching game in which the set of users and sub-channels are
considered as two sets of players pursuing their own interests. We then propose
a matching algorithm which converges to a two-side exchange stable matching
after a limited number of iterations. A joint solution is thus provided to
solve the sub-channel assignment and power allocation problems iteratively.
Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm greatly outperforms the
orthogonal multiple access scheme and a previous non-orthogonal multiple access
scheme.Comment: Accepted as a regular paper by IEEE Transactions on Wireless
Communication
Collapsing Corporate Structures: Resolving the Tension Between Form and Substance
Opus Alchemicum explores the fabrication of ârealityâ upon imagination, and the affective relation between ideas and matter in the built environment. Like an alchemic experiment, through the manipulation of real facts and their transformation into myth, stories, rituals and objects, the project tries to demonstrate how myths are not just produced but also produce ârealâ by creating a collective understanding and a pattern of relations, roles and ideas. This projectâs attempt is to reveal the mechanisms of reality in an act of analogy. The role of architecture, buildings and objects is investigated in its transfigured correspondent. Myths are both constructed and revealed as the language code of a discourse. The result is a work of alchemy, a product of imagination as a path of understanding. The project starts with traveling to Romania as a study case, in a journey where encounters and empathy win over maps and scheduled visits. What I bring back with me is a series of situations, assemblages, a pattern of history, places, culture and affections belonging to the very present of Romania.These situations are plunged in another larger assemblage, the European one, with Sweden as a partaker. In this countryâs desires and metamorphoses we can discover those myths that belong and affect our culture and our spaces. Opus Alchemicum is a tale about myths, behavior and built environment. About Romania, or somewhere else. About ruins and gold. About invisible values and material affects. About a vanished land, about desire and nostalgia. About displacement, diaspora and costumes. About migration. About a journey and the gas station at the mid of the road. About metamorphoses, gypsy palaces and dowries. About matter, produced, traded and extinguished. About Prussian Blue and honey. About a tower, a fountain and a secret garden. About the alchemic process of making reality out of ideas. Opus Alchemicum utforskar fabricering av verklighet genom fantasi, den affektiva relationen mellan ide och materia i en bygg omgivning. Ett alkemiskt experiment, genom manipulation av verkliga fakta och deras transformation till myter, berĂ€ttelser, ritualer och objekt, försöker detta projekt att pĂ„visa hur myter inte bara Ă€r producerade utan hur de ocksĂ„ producerar en âverklighetâ genom att skapa en kollektiv förstĂ„else och ett mönster av relationer, roller och förestĂ€llningar. Projektet försöker att avslöja mekanismerna av verklighet i en handling av analogi. Rollen av arkitektur, byggnader och objekt undersöks i sin förvandlade korrespondens. Myter Ă€r bĂ„de konstruerade och avslöjade genom sprĂ„kkoden för en diskurs. Resultatet Ă€r ett verk av alkemi, en produkt av inbillningsförmĂ„ga lĂ€ngst en vĂ€g för förstĂ„else. Projektet startar med en resa till RumĂ€nien som studie fall, i en fĂ€rd dĂ€r möten och empati segrar över kartor och schemalagda möten. Det jag tog med mig tillbaka var en serie av situationer, samlingar och mönster av historien. Platser, kultur och kĂ€nslor som representerar det nuvarande RumĂ€nien. Situationer som störtar in till ett större sammanhang i form av det Europeiska med Sverige som deltagare. I detta lands önskningar och metamorfoser kan vi upptĂ€cka de myter som tillhör och pĂ„verkar vĂ„r kultur och dess rum. Opus Alchemicum Ă€r en berĂ€ttelse om myter, beteenden och byggd omgivning. Om RumĂ€nien eller nĂ„gon annanstans. Om ruiner och guld. Om osynliga vĂ€rden och materiell inverkan. Om ett försvunnet land av begĂ€r och nostalgi. Om förskjutningar, förskingringar och kostymer. Om migration. Om fĂ€rder och bensinstationen i mitten av resan. Om metamorfoser, romerska palats och hemgifter. Om materia, producerad, handlad och utslĂ€ckt. Om preussiskt blĂ„tt och honung. Om ett torn en fontĂ€n och en hemlig trĂ€dgĂ„rd. Om den alkemiska processen av att skapa verklighet genom idĂ©er
A Short-term Intervention for Long-term Fairness in the Labor Market
The persistence of racial inequality in the U.S. labor market against a
general backdrop of formal equality of opportunity is a troubling phenomenon
that has significant ramifications on the design of hiring policies. In this
paper, we show that current group disparate outcomes may be immovable even when
hiring decisions are bound by an input-output notion of "individual fairness."
Instead, we construct a dynamic reputational model of the labor market that
illustrates the reinforcing nature of asymmetric outcomes resulting from
groups' divergent accesses to resources and as a result, investment choices. To
address these disparities, we adopt a dual labor market composed of a Temporary
Labor Market (TLM), in which firms' hiring strategies are constrained to ensure
statistical parity of workers granted entry into the pipeline, and a Permanent
Labor Market (PLM), in which firms hire top performers as desired. Individual
worker reputations produce externalities for their group; the corresponding
feedback loop raises the collective reputation of the initially disadvantaged
group via a TLM fairness intervention that need not be permanent. We show that
such a restriction on hiring practices induces an equilibrium that, under
particular market conditions, Pareto-dominates those arising from strategies
that statistically discriminate or employ a "group-blind" criterion. The
enduring nature of equilibria that are both inequitable and Pareto suboptimal
suggests that fairness interventions beyond procedural checks of hiring
decisions will be of critical importance in a world where machines play a
greater role in the employment process.Comment: 10 page
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