Exponentially small splitting of separatrices and transversality associated to whiskered tori with quadratic frequency ratio

The splitting of invariant manifolds of whiskered (hyperbolic) tori with two frequencies in a nearly integrable Hamiltonian system, whose hyperbolic part is given by a pendulum, is studied. We consider a torus with a fast frequency vector $\omega/\sqrt\varepsilon$, with $\omega=(1,\Omega),$ where the frequency ratio $\Omega$ is a quadratic irrational number. Applying the Poincaré--Melnikov method, we carry out a careful study of the dominant harmonics of the Melnikov potential. This allows us to provide an asymptotic estimate for the maximal splitting distance and show the existence of transverse homoclinic orbits to the whiskered tori with an asymptotic estimate for the transversality of the splitting. Both estimates are exponentially small in $\varepsilon$, with the functions in the exponents being periodic with respect to $\ln\varepsilon$, and can be explicitly constructed from the continued fraction of $\Omega$. In this way, we emphasize the strong dependence of our results on the arithmetic properties of $\Omega$. In particular, for quadratic ratios $\Omega$ with a 1-periodic or 2-periodic continued fraction (called metallic and metallic-colored ratios, respectively), we provide accurate upper and lower bounds for the splitting. The estimate for the maximal splitting distance is valid for all sufficiently small values of $\varepsilon$, and the transversality can be established for a majority of values of $\varepsilon$, excluding small intervals around some transition values where changes in the dominance of the harmonics take place, and bifurcations could occur. Read More: http://epubs.siam.org/doi/10.1137/15M1032776Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Exponentially small splitting of separatrices and transversality associated to whiskered tori with quadratic frequency ratio

The splitting of invariant manifolds of whiskered (hyperbolic) tori with two frequencies in a nearly-integrable Hamiltonian system, whose hyperbolic part is given by a pendulum, is studied

Exponentially small splitting of separatrices and transversality associated to whiskered tori with quadratic frequency ratio

The splitting of invariant manifolds of whiskered (hyperbolic) tori with two frequencies in a nearly integrable Hamiltonian system, whose hyperbolic part is given by a pendulum, is studied. We consider a torus with a fast frequency vector $\omega/\sqrt\varepsilon$, with $\omega=(1,\Omega),$ where the frequency ratio $\Omega$ is a quadratic irrational number. Applying the Poincaré--Melnikov method, we carry out a careful study of the dominant harmonics of the Melnikov potential. This allows us to provide an asymptotic estimate for the maximal splitting distance and show the existence of transverse homoclinic orbits to the whiskered tori with an asymptotic estimate for the transversality of the splitting. Both estimates are exponentially small in $\varepsilon$, with the functions in the exponents being periodic with respect to $\ln\varepsilon$, and can be explicitly constructed from the continued fraction of $\Omega$. In this way, we emphasize the strong dependence of our results on the arithmetic properties of $\Omega$. In particular, for quadratic ratios $\Omega$ with a 1-periodic or 2-periodic continued fraction (called metallic and metallic-colored ratios, respectively), we provide accurate upper and lower bounds for the splitting. The estimate for the maximal splitting distance is valid for all sufficiently small values of $\varepsilon$, and the transversality can be established for a majority of values of $\varepsilon$, excluding small intervals around some transition values where changes in the dominance of the harmonics take place, and bifurcations could occur. Read More: http://epubs.siam.org/doi/10.1137/15M1032776Peer Reviewe

Exponentially small splitting of separatrices associated to 3D whiskered tori with cubic frequencies

We study the splitting of invariant manifolds of whiskered (hyperbolic) tori with three frequencies in a nearly-integrable Hamiltonian system, whose hyperbolic part is given by a pendulum. We consider a 3-dimensional toruswith a fast frequency vector¿/ve, with¿= (1,¿, ~¿) where ¿ is a cubic irrational number whose two conjugatesare complex, and the components of¿generate the fieldQ(¿). A paradigmatic case is the cubic golden vector,given by the (real) number ¿ satisfying ¿3= 1-¿, and ~¿ = ¿2. For such 3-dimensional frequency vectors,the standard theory of continued fractions cannot be applied, so we develop a methodology for determining thebehavior of the small divisors,k¿Z3. Applying the Poincaré-Melnikov method, this allows us tocarry outa careful study of the dominant harmonic (which depends one) of the Melnikov function, obtaining an asymptoticestimate for the maximal splitting distance, which is exponentially small ine, and valid for all sufficiently smallvalues ofe. This estimate behaves like exp{-h1(e)/e1/6}and we provide, for the first time in a system with 3frequencies, an accurate description of the (positive) functionh1(e) in the numerator of the exponent, showing thatit can be explicitly constructed from the resonance properties of the frequency vector¿, and proving that it is aquasiperiodic function (and not periodic) with respect to lne. In this way, we emphasize the strong dependence ofthe estimates for the splitting on the arithmetic properties of the frequenciesPreprin