Interference Alignment for Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: A Survey

© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Interference alignment (IA) is an innovative wireless transmission strategy that has shown to be a promising technique for achieving optimal capacity scaling of a multiuser interference channel at asymptotically high-signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Transmitters exploit the availability of multiple signaling dimensions in order to align their mutual interference at the receivers. Most of the research has focused on developing algorithms for determining alignment solutions as well as proving interference alignment’s theoretical ability to achieve the maximum degrees of freedom in a wireless network. Cognitive radio, on the other hand, is a technique used to improve the utilization of the radio spectrum by opportunistically sensing and accessing unused licensed frequency spectrum, without causing harmful interference to the licensed users. With the increased deployment of wireless services, the possibility of detecting unused frequency spectrum becomes diminished. Thus, the concept of introducing interference alignment in cognitive radio has become a very attractive proposition. This paper provides a survey of the implementation of IA in cognitive radio under the main research paradigms, along with a summary and analysis of results under each system model.Peer reviewe

Separation Framework: An Enabler for Cooperative and D2D Communication for Future 5G Networks

Soaring capacity and coverage demands dictate that future cellular networks need to soon migrate towards ultra-dense networks. However, network densification comes with a host of challenges that include compromised energy efficiency, complex interference management, cumbersome mobility management, burdensome signaling overheads and higher backhaul costs. Interestingly, most of the problems, that beleaguer network densification, stem from legacy networks' one common feature i.e., tight coupling between the control and data planes regardless of their degree of heterogeneity and cell density. Consequently, in wake of 5G, control and data planes separation architecture (SARC) has recently been conceived as a promising paradigm that has potential to address most of aforementioned challenges. In this article, we review various proposals that have been presented in literature so far to enable SARC. More specifically, we analyze how and to what degree various SARC proposals address the four main challenges in network densification namely: energy efficiency, system level capacity maximization, interference management and mobility management. We then focus on two salient features of future cellular networks that have not yet been adapted in legacy networks at wide scale and thus remain a hallmark of 5G, i.e., coordinated multipoint (CoMP), and device-to-device (D2D) communications. After providing necessary background on CoMP and D2D, we analyze how SARC can particularly act as a major enabler for CoMP and D2D in context of 5G. This article thus serves as both a tutorial as well as an up to date survey on SARC, CoMP and D2D. Most importantly, the article provides an extensive outlook of challenges and opportunities that lie at the crossroads of these three mutually entangled emerging technologies.Comment: 28 pages, 11 figures, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 201

Design guidelines for spatial modulation

A new class of low-complexity, yet energyefficient Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) transmission techniques, namely the family of Spatial Modulation (SM) aided MIMOs (SM-MIMO) has emerged. These systems are capable of exploiting the spatial dimensions (i.e. the antenna indices) as an additional dimension invoked for transmitting information, apart from the traditional Amplitude and Phase Modulation (APM). SM is capable of efficiently operating in diverse MIMO configurations in the context of future communication systems. It constitutes a promising transmission candidate for large-scale MIMO design and for the indoor optical wireless communication whilst relying on a single-Radio Frequency (RF) chain. Moreover, SM may also be viewed as an entirely new hybrid modulation scheme, which is still in its infancy. This paper aims for providing a general survey of the SM design framework as well as of its intrinsic limits. In particular, we focus our attention on the associated transceiver design, on spatial constellation optimization, on link adaptation techniques, on distributed/ cooperative protocol design issues, and on their meritorious variants

고속 이동 환경에서 대규모 다중안테나 시스템에 관한 연구

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 전기·정보공학부, 2020. 8. 이용환.Advanced cellular communication systems may obtain high array gain by employing massive multi-input multi-output (m-MIMO) systems, which may require accurate channel state information (CSI). When users are in high mobility, it may not be easy to get accurate CSI. When we transmit signal to users in high mobility, we may experience serious performance loss due to the inaccuracy of outdated CSI, associated with so-called channel aging effect. This problem may be alleviated by exploiting channel correlation matrix (CCM) in spatial domain. However, it may require an additional process for the estimation of CCM, which may require high signaling overhead in m-MIMO environments. In this dissertation, we consider signal transmission to multiple users in high mobility in m-MIMO environments. We consider the estimation of CSI with reduced signaling overhead. The signaling overhead for the CSI estimation is a challenging issue in m-MIMO environments. We may reduce the signaling overhead for the CSI estimation by using pilot signal transmitted by means of beamforming with a weight determined by eigenvectors of CCM. To this end, we need to estimate the CCM, which may still require large signaling overhead. We consider the estimation of CCM with antennas in a uniform linear array (ULA). Since pairs of antennas with an equal distance may experience spatial channel correlation similar to each other in ULA antenna environments, we may jointly estimate the spatial channel correlation. We estimate the mean-square error (MSE) of elements of estimated CCM and then discard the elements whose MSE is higher than a reference value for the improvement of CCM estimation. We may estimate the CSI from the estimated CCM with reduced signaling overhead. We consider signal transmission robust to the presence of channel aging effect. Users in different mobility may differently experience the channel aging effect. This means that they may differently suffer from transmission performance loss. To alleviate this problem, we transmit signal to maximize the average signal-to-leakage-plus-noise ratio, making it possible to individually handle the channel aging effect. We consider the signal transmission to the eigen-direction of a linear combination of CSI and CCM. Analyzing the transmission performance in terms of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, we control the transmit power by using an iterative water-filling technique. Finally, we consider the allocation of transmission resource in the presence of channel aging effect. We design a sub-optimal greedy algorithm that allocates the transmission resource to maximize the sum-rate in the presence of channel aging effect. We may estimate the sum-rate from the beam weight and a hypergeometric function (HF) that represents the effect of outdated CSI on the transmission performance. However, it may require very high computational complexity to calculate the beam weight and the HF in m-MIMO environments. To alleviate the complexity problem, we determine the beam weight in dominant eigen-direction of CCM and approximate the HF as a function of temporal channel correlation. Since we may estimate the sum-rate by exploiting spatial and temporal channel correlation, we may need to update the resource allocation only when the change of CCM or temporal channel correlation is large enough to affect the sum-rate. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides performance similar to a greedy algorithm based on accurate sum-rate, while significantly reducing the computational complexity.기지국이 수많은 안테나를 활용하여 높은 전송 이득을 얻을 수 있는 대규모 다중 안테나(massive MIMO) 시스템이 차세대 무선 통신 시스템으로 각광받고 있다. 이를 위해서는 정확한 채널 정보(channel state information)를 기반으로 하는 신호 전송 및 자원 관리 기술이 필수적이다. 하지만 사용자가 고속으로 이동하는 환경에서는 기지국이 추정한 채널 정보와 실제 전송 채널이 크게 달라지는 채널 변화 효과(channel aging effect)가 발생하여, 시스템 전송 성능이 심각하게 하락할 수 있다. 위 문제를 해결하기 위하여, 상대적으로 사용자 이동성에 느리게 변화하는 공간 상관도 행렬(channel correlation matrix)을 활용할 수 있다. 하지만 대규모 다중 안테나 시스템에서는 기지국이 공간 상관도 행렬을 추정하는 과정에서 큰 파일럿(pilot) 신호 부담이 발생할 수 있다. 본 논문은 고속 이동 환경에서의 대규모 다중 안테나 시스템에서 다중 사용자에 대한 신호 전송을 고려한다. 우선, 낮은 파일럿 신호 부담을 갖는 채널 정보 추정 방법을 제안한다. 대규모 다중 안테나 시스템에서 채널 정보 추정은 큰 파일럿 신호 부담을 야기할 수 있다. 이때 공간 상관도 행렬을 활용한 파일럿 신호 설계를 통하여 채널 정보 추정으로 인한 신호 부담을 효과적으로 감소시킬 수 있다. 하지만 이를 위해서는 공간 상관도 행렬을 추정해야 하며, 이 과정에서 큰 신호 부담이 야기될 수 있다. 제안 기법은 기지국이 균일한 선형 안테나 배열(uniform linear array)을 가지고 있는 환경에서, 같은 거리의 안테나 쌍들의 채널 간 공간 상관도가 유사하다는 특징을 활용하여, 상기 안테나 쌍들의 채널 간 공간 상관도를 최소자승추정법(least-square estimation)을 활용하여 추정한다. 그리고 추정된 공간 상관도의 평균제곱오차(mean-square error)를 추정하여, 상기 평균제곱오차가 큰 공간 상관도를 0으로 치환하여 공간 상관도 행렬의 추정 정확도를 높인다. 또한 상기 추정한 공간 상관도 행렬을 활용하여 낮은 신호 부담으로 채널 정보를 추정할 수 있는 것을 보인다. 둘째로, 사용자 이동성에 의한 채널 변화에 강인한 신호 전송 방법을 제안한다. 사용자들이 서로 다른 속도로 이동하는 환경에서는 채널 변화에 의한 신호 전송 성능 저하 역시 사용자마다 다르게 나타날 수 있다. 위 문제를 해결하기 위하여, 각 사용자에 대한 채널 변화 효과를 개별적으로 고려하면서 평균 신호 대 누수간섭 및 잡음비(signal-to-leakage-plus-noise ratio)를 최대화하는 전송 빔 가중치를 설계한다. 제안 기법은 사용자들의 채널 정보와 공간 상관도 행렬의 선형 결합의 고유방향(eigen-direction)으로 신호를 전송한다. 또한 제안 기법을 사용할 때의 신호 대 간섭 및 잡음비(signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio)를 분석하고, 이를 기반으로 하는 전송 전력 분배 방법을 제안한다. 끝으로, 사용자 이동성에 따른 채널 변화를 고려하는 자원 할당 방법을 제안한다. 이를 위하여, 상기 채널 변화를 고려하여 시스템 전송 성능(sum-rate)을 최대화하는 탐욕(greedy) 알고리듬 기반의 자원 할당 기술을 설계한다. 고속 이동 환경에서 시스템 전송 성능을 추정하기 위해서는 사용자들에 대한 전송 빔 가중치와 행렬에 대한 초기하 함수(hypergeometric function of a matrix argument)와 관련된 복잡한 연산이 필요하다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위하여, 빔 가중치를 공간 상관도 행렬의 고유방향으로 결정하고, 초기하 함수를 채널 시간 상관도에 대한 함수로 근사한다. 상기 전송 성능 추정 방법이 채널의 공간 및 시간 상관도에만 의존한다는 점을 활용하여, 채널 공간 및 시간 상관도가 크게 변화한 사용자가 존재할 때에 한하여 사용자들에 대한 자원 할당 상태를 갱신하는 방법을 제안한다. 실험을 통하여, 제안 기법이 복잡한 시스템 전송 성능을 기반으로 하는 자원 할당 방법과 유사한 자원 할당 성능을 보이면서도 계산 복잡도를 획기적으로 줄이는 것을 보인다.Abstract i Contents v List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. M-MIMO systems in the presence of channel aging effect 9 Chapter 3. Estimation of channel correlation matrix 13 3.1. Previous works 14 3.2. Proposed scheme 19 3.3. Performance evaluation 29 Chapter 4. Mobility-aware signal transmission in m-MIMO systems 43 4.1. Previous works 44 4.2. Proposed scheme 46 4.3. Performance evaluation 62 Chapter 5. Mobility-aware resource allocation in m-MIMO systems 73 5.1. Sum-rate-based greedy algorithm 74 5.2. Proposed scheme 76 5.3. Performance evaluation 88 Chapter 6. Conclusions 99 Appendix 103 References 105 Korean Abstract 115 Acknowledgement 119Docto

Adaptive Phase Rolling for Opportunistic Beamforming in OFDMA Systems with a Small Number of Users

The performance of opportunistic beamforming might be degraded if the number of users is small. This paper proposes an adaptive opportunistic beamforming technique for orthogonal frequency division multiple access systems, which can produce good results even with a small number of users. This paper also proposes a modified proportional fairness scheduling algorithm, which can further improve the performance of the proposed opportunistic beamforming technique

Collaborative modulation multiple access for single hop and multihop networks

While the bandwidth available for wireless networks is limited, the world has seen an unprecedented growth in the number of mobile subscribers and an ever increasing demand for high data rates. Therefore efficient utilisation of bandwidth to maximise link spectral efficiency and number of users that can be served simultaneously are primary goals in the design of wireless systems. To achieve these goals, in this thesis, a new non-orthogonal uplink multiple access scheme which combines the functionalities of adaptive modulation and multiple access called collaborative modulation multiple access (CMMA) is proposed. CMMA enables multiple users to access the network simultaneously and share the same bandwidth even when only a single receive antenna is available and in the presence of high channel correlation. Instead of competing for resources, users in CMMA share resources collaboratively by employing unique modulation sets (UMS) that differ in phase, power, and/or mapping structure. These UMS are designed to insure that the received signal formed from the superposition of all users’ signals belongs to a composite QAM constellation (CC) with a rate equal to the sum rate of all users. The CC and its constituent UMSs are designed centrally at the BS to remove ambiguity, maximize the minimum Euclidian distance (dmin) of the CC and insure a minimum BER performance is maintained. Users collaboratively precode their transmitted signal by performing truncated channel inversion and phase rotation using channel state information (CSI ) obtained from a periodic common pilot to insure that their combined signal at the BS belongs to the CC known at the BS which in turn performs a simple joint maximum likelihood detection without the need for CSI. The coherent addition of users’ power enables CMMA to achieve high link spectral efficiency at any time without extra power or bandwidth but on the expense of graceful degradation in BER performance. To improve the BER performance of CMMA while preserving its precoding and detection structure and without the need for pilot-aided channel estimation, a new selective diversity combining scheme called SC-CMMA is proposed. SC-CMMA optimises the overall group performance providing fairness and diversity gain for various users with different transmit powers and channel conditions by selecting a single antenna out of a group of L available antennas that minimises the total transmit power required for precoding at any one time. A detailed study of capacity and BER performance of CMMA and SC-CMMA is carried out under different level of channel correlations which shows that both offer high capacity gain and resilience to channel correlation. SC-CMMA capacity even increase with high channel correlation between users’ channels. CMMA provides a practical solution for implementing the multiple access adder channel (MAAC) in fading environments hence a hybrid approach combining both collaborative coding and modulation referred to as H-CMMA is investigated. H-CMMA divides users into a number of subgroups where users within a subgroup are assigned the same modulation set and different multiple access codes. H-CMMA adjusts the dmin of the received CC by varying the number of subgroups which in turn varies the number of unique constellation points for the same number of users and average total power. Therefore H-CMMA can accommodate many users with different rates while flexibly managing the complexity, rate and BER performance depending on the SNR. Next a new scheme combining CMMA with opportunistic scheduling using only partial CSI at the receiver called CMMA-OS is proposed to combine both the power gain of CMMA and the multiuser diversity gain that arises from users’ channel independence. To avoid the complexity and excessive feedback associated with the dynamic update of the CC, the BS takes into account the independence of users’ channels in the design of the CC and its constituent UMSs but both remain unchanged thereafter. However UMS are no longer associated with users, instead channel gain’s probability density function is divided into regions with identical probability and each UMS is associated with a specific region. This will simplify scheduling as users can initially chose their UMS based on their CSI and the BS will only need to resolve any collision when the channels of two or more users are located at the same region. Finally a high rate cooperative communication scheme, called cooperative modulation (CM) is proposed for cooperative multiuser systems. CM combines the reliability of the cooperative diversity with the high spectral efficiency and multiple access capabilities of CMMA. CM maintains low feedback and high spectral efficiency by restricting relaying to a single route with the best overall channel. Two possible variations of CM are proposed depending on whether CSI available only at the users or just at the BS and the selected relay. The first is referred to Precode, Amplify, and Forward (PAF) while the second one is called Decode, Remap, and Forward (DMF). A new route selection algorithm for DMF based on maximising dmin of random CC is also proposed using a novel fast low-complexity multi-stage sphere based algorithm to calculate the dmin at the relay of random CC that is used for both relay selection and detection