10 research outputs found
Experiments on Crowdsourcing Policy Assessment
Can Crowds serve as useful allies in policy design? How do non-expert Crowds perform relative to experts in the assessment of policy measures? Does the geographic location of non-expert Crowds, with relevance to the policy context, alter the performance of non- experts Crowds in the assessment of policy measures? In this work, we investigate these questions by undertaking experiments designed to replicate expert policy assessments with non-expert Crowds recruited from Virtual Labor Markets. We use a set of ninety-six climate change adaptation policy measures previously evaluated by experts in the Netherlands as our control condition to conduct experiments using two discrete sets of non-expert Crowds recruited from Virtual Labor Markets. We vary the composition of our non-expert Crowds along two conditions: participants recruited from a geographical location directly relevant to the policy context and participants recruited at-large. We discuss our research methods in detail and provide the findings of our experiments
Crowdsourcing: A new tool for policy-making?
Crowdsourcing is rapidly evolving and applied in situations where ideas,
labour, opinion or expertise of large groups of people are used. Crowdsourcing
is now used in various policy-making initiatives; however, this use has usually
focused on open collaboration platforms and specific stages of the policy
process, such as agenda-setting and policy evaluations. Other forms of
crowdsourcing have been neglected in policy-making, with a few exceptions. This
article examines crowdsourcing as a tool for policy-making, and explores the
nuances of the technology and its use and implications for different stages of
the policy process. The article addresses questions surrounding the role of
crowdsourcing and whether it can be considered as a policy tool or as a
technological enabler and investigates the current trends and future directions
of crowdsourcing.
Keywords: Crowdsourcing, Public Policy, Policy Instrument, Policy Tool,
Policy Process, Policy Cycle, Open Collaboration, Virtual Labour Markets,
Tournaments, Competition
Crowdsourcing, sharing economy and development
Hi this paper is now available online.</p
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νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(λ°μ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :λ²νμ λ¬Έλνμ λ²νκ³Ό,2020. 2. μ΄μμ°.λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμ νμ μ
λ²μμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ μ°¨μ κ΄ν 곡λ²μ μ°κ΅¬λ‘ μ μνμ μ
λ²μμ κ΅λ―Όμ μ§μ μ°Έμ¬μ μν μ견μ μΆ μ μ°¨μ κ΄νμ¬ λ€λ£¬λ€. μ μνμ μ
λ²(e-Rulemaking)μμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ μ°¨λ μΌμ°¨μ μΌλ‘ μ΄ μ λλ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ νμ μ
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λ² κ²°μ μ μ€μ§μ μΈ μν₯λ ₯μ νμ¬νμ¬ νμ μ
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μ ꡬμΆ, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ μνμ μ
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λ² μ λμμλ μ견μ μΆμ λ΄μ©μ νμ μ
λ² κ΄λ ¨ μλ£λ‘μ νμ μ
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λ²μμ λ°μ μ¬λΆμ κ·Έ κ·Όκ±° λν νμ μ
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λ² κ΄λ ¨ μ 보λ€μ μΌλ°κ΅λ―Όλ€λΏλ§ μλλΌ νμ μκ²λ λΉν΄ νμ μ
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νκ³ ν΄κ²°ν μ μλ κΈ°νλ₯Ό μ»μ΄ νμ μ
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λ€μμΌλ‘, λ―Έκ΅μ μ μνμ μ
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λ² κ΄λ ¨ κΈ°λ‘μ νμ μ ν¬λͺ
μ±μ λμ΄κ³ μΆν μ κΈ°λ μ μλ μ¬λ²μ¬μ¬μμ νμ μ
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μ μ μνμ μ μνμ μ
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λ² μ μ°¨λ₯Ό μλ―Έ μκ² λ§λλ μν μ μννκ² λμλ€. μ μνμ μ
λ²μμ κΈ°λ‘νλ μΌλ°κ΅λ―Όμ μ°Έμ¬μ κΈ°μ¬νμ¬ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬ μ λλ₯Ό μ€μ§μ μΈ μ μ°¨λ‘ κ³΅κ³ ν νλλ° ν° μν μ λ΄λΉνμλ€.
λμΌλ‘, νμ μ
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λ²μμ μ°Έμ¬λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμλ₯Ό μ€νν μ μλ κ°λ₯μ±μ λ°κ²¬ν΄ μ£Όμκ³ , κ°μμ μΌλ‘ λ°λ¬λκ³ μλ κΈ°μ λ€μ νν μ μνμ μ
λ²μ νκ³λ€μ 극볡ν μ μλ λ°©μμ μ μν΄ μ£Όκ³ μλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ μ μμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬κ° μλ―Έ μλ μ€μ§μ μΈ μ λλ‘ λ°μ νκΈ° μν΄μλ μΌλ°κ΅λ―Όμ μν μ°Έμ¬κ° νμ±νλμ΄ μ°Έμ¬μμ λ€μμ±μ΄ ν보λμ΄μΌ νλ€. λ°λΌμ μΌλ°κ΅λ―Όμ μ견μ μΆμ νμ±ννκΈ° μν νμ μ
λ² κ΄λ ¨ μ λΆ νλ‘κ·Έλ¨μ κ°λ°νκ³ μ€μν νμ μ
λ²μ κ²½μ° μ΄μ λν ν보μ ν¨κ» κ΅λ―Όμ μ κ·Όμ±μ λμΌ μ μλ λ€μν μ°Έμ¬λ°©μμ΄ λ§λ ¨λμ΄μΌ νλ€.
μ μνμ μ
λ² μ λκ° μ±μλλ©΄ μ견μ μΆμ μν μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ κ²°κ³Όκ° μ΅μ’
νμ μ
λ²μ λ°μλκ³ , μ΄λ¬ν μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ μν₯λ ₯μ λ€μ μλ―Έ μλ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬λ₯Ό μ°½μΆνλ μλλ ₯μΌλ‘ μμ©νκ² λλ€. κ²°κ΅, μ΄μ κ°μ μ μνμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ λλ₯Ό μ±μμμΌ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ λκ° νμ μ
λ²μ λ―Όμ£Όμ μ λΉμ±μ 보μνκ³ , λ―Όμ£Όμ λ²μΉ, μμλ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμλ₯Ό μ€νν μ μλ μ λλ‘ λ°μ ν μ μλ κΈ°νμ λ§λ ¨νλ€. μ΄μ λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμ νμ μ
λ²μμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ μ°¨μ κ΄ν 곡λ²μ μ°κ΅¬λΌλ λ μ£Όμ λ₯Ό κΈ°λ³ΈμΌλ‘, λ¨Όμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ λ€μν μν κ³Ό κΈ°λ₯μ κ΄νμ¬ λ²μ μ μΈ κ΄μ μμ κ·Έ μμλ₯Ό νμ
νκ³ κ΅¬μ²΄μ μΈ λ²λκ·Έλ§ν±μ λμΆν΄ 보μλ€. λ€μμΌλ‘, λ―Έκ΅μ μ μνμ μ
λ² μ λμ λ°μ κ³Όμ κ³Ό μ¬λ‘λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ μ°λ¦¬μ μ μνμ μ
λ²μ νμ¬μ λλΉνκ³ , μΈκ³΅μ§λ₯ κΈ°μ λ° ν¬λΌμ°λ-μλΉ
(Crowd-Civic) μμ€ν
κ³Ό κ°μ μλ‘μ΄ κΈ°μ λ€μ κ΄ν λ
Όμλ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ μ°λ¦¬μ μ μνμ μ
λ²μ λ―Έλμ λλΉν μ μλ μ μμ λ΄μ 보μλ€.The general purpose of the electronic participation in e-Rulemaking is to derive the direct participation of the citizens who have become interested in the administrative legislation through this system. However, the primary purpose of e-participation is to complement the democratic legitimacy of administrative rulemaking through the direct participation of the citizens that influences final rulemaking. And the fundamental purpose is to realize deliberative democracy through those procedures.
The development of modern information and communications technology and the establishment of electronic administrative system provide a way to overcome the physical limitations inherent in existing public participation mechanisms and to activate e-participation. Therefore, the e-participation system was able to function as a complementary means to overcome the limitations of representative democracy by the participation of various ordinary people, rather than by limited participation, by expanding participants represented by some stockholders or interest groups to the general public. However, in our administrative reality, the public participation procedures being implemented as a response procedure to the notice of the informal rulemaking procedures are operating in a very formal and limited form. This calls for activating e-participation to seek ways to supplement democratic legitimacy in administrative legislation and realize the values of democracy and rule of law through meaningful comment procedures.
Therefore, it should be analyzed and reviewed the e-Rulemkaing and electronic public participation procedures in the United States. Through the analysis, the main measures to activate our electronic public participation system as a meaningful system are as follows.
First, the comments of the responses submitted by the people in the e-Rulemaking should be provided to the public who is the third party in the e-Rulemaking procedures. it should be provided as one of e-Rulemaking data. In the case of major comments, whether and how the comments are refeled in the final rule shall be provided to the public as a third party comments in the same way the e-Rulemkaing notice published.
Secondly, we can see that the measures to control administrative rulemaking and to record related data of administrative rulemaking, which have been developed characteristically in the U.S., have had an important effect on realizing the electronic public participation system as a result of the application of e-Rulemaking system. In particular, in the case of recorded regulations, data from the administrative rulemaking procedures, which was recorded as data to improve transparency of administration and to determine the legitimacy of administrative legislation in the review of the legality of rule that could be brought forward later, played a role in making administrative legislation procedures meaningful due to digitalization. In administrative rulemaking, record-keeping regulations played a major role in consolidating the citizen participation system in a procedural manner by contributing to public participation.
Third, the Federal Administrative Procedures Act of the United States is essentially silent in addition to the general provisions that the public participation procedure must be reflected in the administrative process. However, the Presidential Executive Order, which was enacted to institutionalize the e-Rulemaking, exerted force on the administration and contributed to the establishment of an electronic public participation system.
On the other hand, factors that impede the activation of electronic citizen participation in e-Rulemaking include inadequate legal and technical systems, as well as lack of public awareness of the importance of rulemaking and lack of motivation for public participation. These factors serve as a major impediment to public participation as much as the absence of a legal system.
The launch of technology has revealed the possibility of realizing participatory democracy in rulemaking through electronic citizen participation. Also, the technologies that are developing rapidly provide a way to overcome the limitations of current e-Rulemaking. However, in order for electronic civic participation to develop into a meaningful system, public participation by the general citizens must be activated to ensure diversity of participants. Therefore, in order to promote the comments of e-Ruelmaking as a public participation, various approaches should be developed along with the development of government programs related to public participation and the promotion of important e-Rulemaking.μ 1μ₯ μ λ‘ 1
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I. μ°κ΅¬μ λͺ©μ 1
II. μ°κ΅¬μ λ°°κ²½ 5
μ 2μ μ°κ΅¬μ λ°©λ²κ³Ό λ²μ 7
I. μ°κ΅¬μ λ°©λ² 7
II. μ°κ΅¬μ λ²μ 8
μ 2μ₯ νμ μ
λ²κ³Ό μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ μ°¨ 12
μ 1μ κ°κ΄ 12
μ 2μ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ μν νμ μ
λ²μ ν΅μ 14
I. νμ μ
λ²μμμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬ 15
1. νμ μ
λ²μ μμ 15
2. νμ μ
λ²μ μ°¨μ μμ 16
3. νμ μ
λ²μ μ°¨λ‘μ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ μμ 17
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λ²μ ν΅μ 18
1. νμ μ μ μ°¨μ ν΅μ 19
2. νμ μ
λ²μ ν΅μ μλ¨ 24
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1. μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ κ°λ
30
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3. μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ κΈ°λ₯ 35
μ 3μ μ μμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ μν νμ μ
λ² 37
I. μ μμ λΆ 38
1. μ μμ λΆμ κ°λ
38
2. μ μμ λΆμμ νμ μ μν 40
3. μ μμ λΆλ²μ λμ
κ³Όμ 41
4. μ μμ λΆμ μ±μλ¨κ³μ΄λ‘ 44
II. μ μμ λ°©μμ μν μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬ 46
1. μ μμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ κ°λ
47
2. μ μμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ μμ 48
3. μ μμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ λ°μ λ¨κ³ 51
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λ²μ λ―Όμ£Όμ μ λΉμ± 53
μ 3μ₯ λ―Έκ΅ νμ μ
λ²κ³Ό μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ λ 56
μ 1μ κ°κ΄ 56
μ 2μ νμ μ
λ²μ λμ λ°μ 59
I. νμ μ
λ²μ μμ 60
II. νμ μ
λ²μ λμ λμ
63
1. νμ μ
λ²μ κΈ°μ 63
2. μ°λ°©νμ μ μ°¨λ²μ μ μ 65
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λ²κΆνμ μ±μ₯ 71
1. μ 1μ±μ₯κΈ° 72
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IV. μλλ³ νμ μ
λ²μ λμ λ³μ² 76
1. νμ μ
λ²μ νλμ λΉν 76
2. νμ μ
λ²μ μ νμ λ°μ 77
3. νμ μ
λ²μ λ€μν 80
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λ²μ ν΅μ 84
1. κΈ°λ‘ν 84
2. νμ μ
λ²μ ν΅μ μ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬ 91
μ 3μ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ λμ λ°μ 97
I. μ΄κΈ° μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ λ 97
1. λ
Όμμ λ°°κ²½ 97
2. μ΄κΈ° μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ λμ μ ν 99
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1. κ³ μ§ λ° μ견μ μΆμ μν νμ μ
λ²μμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬ 108
2. νμμ μν νμ μ
λ²μμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬ 111
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1. μ¬νμ κ·μ νλ 116
2. μ΄μ΅μ§λ¨μ μν μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬ 119
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1. μΌλ°μλ―Όμ μν μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ νλ 125
2. μ λΆ νλ‘κ·Έλ¨μ μν μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬ 128
V. νμ λΆμ λ°λ₯Έ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ λμ λ³ν 129
1. μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ λμ νλ 130
2. μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ λμ μΆμ 132
3. μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ λμ νμ±ν 137
4. μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ λμ μ 체 140
μ 4μ μκ²° 141
μ 4μ₯ λ―Έκ΅μ μ μνμ μ
λ²κ³Ό μ μμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬ 144
μ 1μ κ°κ΄ 144
μ 2μ μ μνμ μ
λ²μ λ²μ μμ μ λ°μ κ³Όμ 148
I. μ μνμ μ
λ²μ λ²μ μμ 148
1. μ°λ°©νμ μ μ°¨λ² 148
2. μ°λ°©νμ μ μ°¨λ² κ°μ μ νμμ± 151
3. κ·Έ λ°μ λ²μ μμ 153
II. μ μνμ μ
λ²μ λ°μ κ³Όμ 156
1. μ μνμ μ
λ²μ λμ
156
2. μ 1μΈλ μ μνμ μ
λ² 161
3. μ 2μΈλ μ μνμ μ
λ² 165
μ 3μ κ³ μ§ λ° μ견μ μΆμ μν νμ μ
λ²μ μ μν 171
I. κ³ μ§ μ μ°¨μ μ μν 172
1. μ μμ κ³ μ§μ μμ 172
2. μ μμ κ³ μ§ μ μ°¨ 174
II. μ견μ μΆμ μ μν 176
1. μ견μ μΆμ μ μ 176
2. μ견μ μΆμ μ¬μ κ²ν 180
κ°. κ°μΈμ 보 λ³΄νΈ 183
λ. μμ
λΉλ° λ° κΈ°λ°μ 보μ λ³΄νΈ 186
λ€. μ μκΆμ ν¬ν¨νλ μ 보μ λ³΄νΈ 188
λΌ. μΈμ€ λ° μνμ μΈμ΄λ₯Ό ν¬ν¨νλ μ견μ μΆ 191
3. μ견μ μΆμ μ²λ¦¬ λ° λ°μ 191
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1. μ μμ μ견μ μΆμ κΈ°λ‘ν 196
2. μ μμ κΈ°λ‘보κ΄κ³Ό λ²μ μμ 201
μ 4μ μ¬λ‘μ°κ΅¬: λ§μ€λ¦½μ± κ·μ μ μ μνμ μ
λ² 208
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2. μ μ© λ²λ Ή 209
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1. κ²½κ³Ό 213
2. μ μμ λ°©μμ μν μ견μ μΆ 215
IV. μκ²° 218
μ 5μ μ μνμ μ
λ² νμ±νμ λν νκ°μ μ λ§ 221
I. μ μνμ μ
λ²μ νκ³μ νμ μ± 221
1. νν μ μνμ μ
λ²μ νκ³ 221
2. μ μνμ μ
λ²μ νμ μ± 224
II. μ μμ μ견μ μΆμ νμ±νμ λ²μ μμ 227
1. μΈκ³΅μ§λ₯ κΈ°μ μ μ©μ λ°λ₯Έ λ¬Έμ μ 227
2. μ κΈ°μ μ μ©μ λ°λ₯Έ ν΅ν© κΈ°μ κ΄λ¦¬ κΈ°κ΄μ νμμ± 229
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μ€νΈ λΆλ₯ μμ€ν
κ³Ό μκ³ λ¦¬μ¦μ νΈν₯μ± 231
4. μ μνμ μ
λ²μμ μ‘°λ ₯μμ κ°μ
νμμ± 234
III. μ μνμ μ
λ²μμ μ κΈ°μ μ μ©μ κ³Όμ 240
1. μ μμ λ°©μ μ μ©μ μμ 241
2. μΈκ³΅μ§λ₯ μκ³ λ¦¬μ¦μ νμ©κ³Ό λ¬Έμ μ 243
3. ν¬λΌμ°λμμ±μ μμμ λ¬Έμ μ 244
μ 6μ μκ²° 253
μ 5μ₯ μ°λ¦¬λλΌ μ μνμ μ
λ²μ νν©κ³Ό κ°μ λ°©μ 257
μ 1μ κ°κ΄ 259
μ 2μ νμ μ
λ²μμ μ μμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬ 259
I. λ²κ·λͺ
λ Ήμμμ μ μμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬ 259
1. μ μμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ νν© λ° νκ° 259
κ°. λμ λ° κΈ°κ° 262
λ. μλ¨ λ° λ°©λ² 264
2. μ μμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ κ°μ λ°©μ 268
II. νμ κ·μΉμμμ μ μμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬ 271
μ 3μ μ μμ λ°©μμ μν μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ λ 273
I. μ²μ, λ―Όμ, κ΅λ―Όμ μ λ° κ³΅μ²ν μ λ 273
1. μ μμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ λμ νν© λ° νκ° 273
2. μ μμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ λμ κ°μ λ°©μ 281
II. μ μμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬λ₯Ό μν μ μνμ μμ€ν
285
1. μ μμ νμ μ
λ²μκ³ μμ€ν
μ νν© λ° νκ° 285
2. μ μμ νμ μ
λ²μκ³ μμ€ν
μ κ°μ λ°©μ 288
μ 4μ μ μμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬μ νμ±ν 290
I. νμ μ
λ² κ΄λ ¨ μ 보μ μ μμ μ 곡 290
1. νμ μ
λ² κ΄λ ¨ μ 보μ 곡μ μμ 291
2. μ μμ μ 보곡κ°μ νν© λ° νκ° 293
κ°. λ―Έκ΅ 293
λ. μ°λ¦¬λλΌ 294
3. μ μμ μ λ³΄κ³΅κ° νμ±νλ₯Ό μν κ°μ λ°©μ 297
κ°. μ 보곡κ°μ λ²μ λ° μ λ 298
λ. μ견μ μΆ λ΄μ©μ κ³΅κ° λ° μ 곡 299
II. μ μνμ μ
λ²μκ³ μμ€ν
μ ν΅ν©κ΄λ¦¬ 302
1. μ μμ λΆμ§μμΌν°μ νν© λ° νκ° 302
2. ν΅ν© μ μνμ μμ€ν
μ μν κ°μ λ°©μ 304
III. νμ μ
λ² κ΄λ ¨ μλ£μ κΈ°λ‘ν 307
IV. κ·Έ λ°μ μ μμ μλ―Όμ°Έμ¬ νμ±νλ₯Ό μν κ°μ λ°©μ 309
1. κ΅λ―Όμ μ°Έμ¬μ μΈ κ°ν 309
2. νμ μ λ΄λΆμ ν΅μ 310
μ 5μ μκ²° 312
μ 6μ₯ κ²° λ‘ 314
μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν 322
Abstract 346Docto
Experiments on Crowdsourcing Policy Assessment
Can Crowds serve as useful allies in policy design? How do non-expert Crowds perform relative to experts in the assessment of policy measures? Does the geographic location of non-expert Crowds, with relevance to the policy context, alter the performance of non-experts Crowds in the assessment of policy measures? In this work, we investigate these questions by undertaking experiments designed to replicate expert policy assessments with non-expert Crowds recruited from Virtual Labor Markets. We use a set of ninety six climate change adaptation policy measures previously evaluated by experts in the Netherlands as our control condition to conduct experiments using two discrete sets of non-expert Crowds recruited from Virtual Labor Markets. We vary the composition of our non-expert Crowds along two conditions: participants recruited from a geographical location directly relevant to the policy context and participants recruited at-large. We discuss our research methods in detail and provide the findings of our experiments.
PrpiΔ, J., Taeihagh, A., & Melton, J. (2014). Experiments on Crowdsourcing Policy Assessment. Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford - IPP 2014 - Crowdsourcing for Politics and Policy