10 research outputs found

    Experiments on Crowdsourcing Policy Assessment

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    Can Crowds serve as useful allies in policy design? How do non-expert Crowds perform relative to experts in the assessment of policy measures? Does the geographic location of non-expert Crowds, with relevance to the policy context, alter the performance of non- experts Crowds in the assessment of policy measures? In this work, we investigate these questions by undertaking experiments designed to replicate expert policy assessments with non-expert Crowds recruited from Virtual Labor Markets. We use a set of ninety-six climate change adaptation policy measures previously evaluated by experts in the Netherlands as our control condition to conduct experiments using two discrete sets of non-expert Crowds recruited from Virtual Labor Markets. We vary the composition of our non-expert Crowds along two conditions: participants recruited from a geographical location directly relevant to the policy context and participants recruited at-large. We discuss our research methods in detail and provide the findings of our experiments

    Network-centric policy design

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    Crowdsourcing: A new tool for policy-making?

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    Crowdsourcing is rapidly evolving and applied in situations where ideas, labour, opinion or expertise of large groups of people are used. Crowdsourcing is now used in various policy-making initiatives; however, this use has usually focused on open collaboration platforms and specific stages of the policy process, such as agenda-setting and policy evaluations. Other forms of crowdsourcing have been neglected in policy-making, with a few exceptions. This article examines crowdsourcing as a tool for policy-making, and explores the nuances of the technology and its use and implications for different stages of the policy process. The article addresses questions surrounding the role of crowdsourcing and whether it can be considered as a policy tool or as a technological enabler and investigates the current trends and future directions of crowdsourcing. Keywords: Crowdsourcing, Public Policy, Policy Instrument, Policy Tool, Policy Process, Policy Cycle, Open Collaboration, Virtual Labour Markets, Tournaments, Competition

    Crowdsourcing, sharing economy and development

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    Hi this paper is now available online.</p

    미ꡭ의 μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²•(e-Rulemaking)을 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(박사)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :λ²•ν•™μ „λ¬ΈλŒ€ν•™μ› 법학과,2020. 2. μ΄μ›μš°.λ³Έ 논문은 ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ—μ„œ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ ˆμ°¨μ— κ΄€ν•œ 곡법적 μ—°κ΅¬λ‘œ μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ—μ„œ ꡭ민의 직접 참여에 μ˜ν•œ 의견제좜 μ ˆμ°¨μ— κ΄€ν•˜μ—¬ 닀룬닀. μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²•(e-Rulemaking)μ—μ„œ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ ˆμ°¨λŠ” 일차적으둜 이 μ œλ„λ₯Ό 톡해 ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ•ˆμ— 관심을 κ°€μ§€κ²Œ 된 일반ꡭ민의 μ‹€μž¬μ μΈ 직접참여λ₯Ό λͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ ν•œλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ „μžμ  μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬ μ œλ„μ˜ 근본적인 λͺ©μ μ€ ꡭ민이 ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•κ³Όμ •μ— 직접 μ°Έμ—¬ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²• 결정에 μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ 영ν–₯λ ₯을 ν–‰μ‚¬ν•˜μ—¬ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ 민주적 정당성을 λ³΄μ™„ν•˜κ³ , μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ κ΅­λ―Όκ³Ό ν–‰μ •, 그리고 κ΅­λ―Ό μ„œλ‘œκ°„μ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ 톡해 μˆ™μ˜λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜λ₯Ό μ‹€ν˜„ν•˜λŠ” 것에 μžˆλ‹€. μ •λ³΄ν†΅μ‹ κΈ°μˆ μ˜ λ°œλ‹¬κ³Ό μ „μžν–‰μ •μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ ꡬ좕, 그리고 μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²• κ΄€λ ¨ λ²•μ œμ˜ μ •λΉ„λŠ” 기쑴의 μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬ κΈ°μ œκ°€ λ‚΄μž¬μ μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μœ ν•˜κ³  있던 ν•œκ³„λ“€μ„ κ·Ήλ³΅ν•˜κ³  μΌλ°˜κ΅­λ―Όμ— μ˜ν•œ μ‹€μ§ˆμ μ΄κ³  의미 μžˆλŠ” μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬κ°€ μ‹€ν˜„λ  수 μžˆλŠ” ν† λŒ€λ₯Ό λ§ˆλ ¨ν•΄ μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€. μ „μžμ  방식에 μ˜ν•œ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬λŠ” κ·Έκ°„ 일뢀 μ΄ν•΄κ΄€κ³„μΈμ΄λ‚˜ 이읡집단에 ν•œμ •λ˜μ—ˆλ˜ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬λ₯Ό μΌλ°˜κ΅­λ―Όμ—κ²ŒκΉŒμ§€ ν™•μž₯ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ°Έμ—¬μžμ— μ˜ν•œ μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬λ₯Ό κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•΄ μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€. 이둜써, μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬ μ œλ„λŠ” λŒ€μ˜λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜μ˜ ν•œκ³„λ₯Ό 극볡할 수 μžˆλŠ” μˆ˜λ‹¨μ΄μž, ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ 민주적 정당성을 λ³΄μ™„ν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ κΈ°λŠ₯ν•  수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 그런데 우리의 ν–‰μ •ν˜„μ‹€μ—μ„œ μ „μžμ  μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬λŠ” ν˜•μ‹μ μΈ 절차둜 μ œλ„ν™”λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ„ 뿐, μ‹€μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²• κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μΌλ°˜κ΅­λ―Όμ— μ˜ν•œ 의미 μžˆλŠ” 직접참여가 이루어지지 λͺ»ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 이와 λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ—¬ 미ꡭ의 μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²• μ œλ„λŠ” λ§μ€‘λ¦½μ„±κ·œμ œμ—μ„œ 보여주듯이, μΌλ°˜κ΅­λ―Όμ— μ˜ν•œ 직접참여λ₯Ό 톡해 μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ 절차둜 μ œλ„ν™”λ˜μ–΄ κ°€κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 이에 λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œμ˜ μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ λ°œμ „κ³Όμ •κ³Ό 사둀λ₯Ό 뢄석해 λ΄„μœΌλ‘œμ¨, μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌμ™€ 미ꡭ이 정보톡신 μΈν”„λΌμ˜ ꡬ좕과 μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ μ‹œν–‰μ„ μœ„ν•œ λ²•μ œλ„μ˜ μ •λΉ„λΌλŠ” λ©΄μ—μ„œ 크게 λ‹€λ₯΄μ§€ μ•ŠμŒμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  이와 같은 차이λ₯Ό λ³΄μ΄λŠ” μ›μΈμœΌλ‘œ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 μš”μΈλ“€μ΄ μžˆμŒμ„ 확인할 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. λ¨Όμ €, 미ꡭ의 μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²• μ œλ„μ—μ„œλŠ” 의견제좜의 λ‚΄μš©μ„ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²• κ΄€λ ¨ μžλ£Œλ‘œμ„œ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ•ˆμ˜ˆκ³  μ‹œ 제3자인 μΌλ°˜κ΅­λ―Όμ—κ²Œ μ œκ³΅ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 또, μ£Όμš”ν•œ 의견제좜의 경우 μ΅œμ’…ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ—μ˜ 반영 여뢀와 κ·Έ κ·Όκ±° λ˜ν•œ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²• κ΄€λ ¨ μžλ£Œλ‘œμ„œ 제3자인 μΌλ°˜κ΅­λ―Όμ—κ²Œ κ³΅κ°œν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 의견제좜의 λ‚΄μš©μ„ 제3자인 μΌλ°˜κ΅­λ―Όμ—κ²Œ κ³΅κ°œν•˜λŠ” 것은 λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ κ·Έ 의의λ₯Ό 가진닀. 첫째, 의견제좜의 λ‚΄μš©μ— ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ κ΄€μ μ˜ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²• κ΄€λ ¨ 정보듀은 μΌλ°˜κ΅­λ―Όλ“€λΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ ν–‰μ •μ—κ²Œλ„ λ‹Ήν•΄ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ— κ΄€ν•œ ν•™μŠ΅μ˜ 기회λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•œλ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ•ˆμ˜ κ³„νšμ΄λ‚˜ μž…μ•ˆ λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œ λ°°μ œλ˜μ—ˆλ˜ μ΄ν•΄κ΄€κ³„μΈμ—κ²Œ 의견제좜의 기회λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•΄ μ£Όκ³ , 이λ₯Ό 톡해 행정은 μ‚¬μ „μ μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μŸμ˜ μ†Œμ§€λ₯Ό νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κ³  ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 기회λ₯Ό μ–»μ–΄ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ 완성도λ₯Ό 높일 수 μžˆλ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, 의견제좜 λ‚΄μš©κ³Ό μ£Όμš” 의견제좜의 반영 μ—¬λΆ€λ₯Ό κ³΅κ°œν•˜λŠ” 것은 ν–‰μ •μ˜ 투λͺ…성을 κ°•ν™”μ‹œν‚€κ³ , ν–‰μ •μ˜ 자의λ₯Ό ν†΅μ œν•˜λŠ” κΈ°λŠ₯을 ν•œλ‹€. λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ, 미ꡭ의 μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²• μ œλ„κ°€ μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ μ œλ„λ‘œμ„œ ν™œμ„±ν™”λ  수 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ μš”μΈμ—λŠ” λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ νŠΉμ§•μ μœΌλ‘œ λ°œμ „λ˜μ–΄ 온 기둝 κ΄€λ ¨ λ²•μ œλ“€μ˜ 역할이 μ£Όμš”ν–ˆμŒμ„ λ°œκ²¬ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²• κ΄€λ ¨ 기둝은 ν–‰μ •μ˜ 투λͺ…성을 높이고 μΆ”ν›„ 제기될 수 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λ²•μ‹¬μ‚¬μ—μ„œ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ 적법성을 νŒλ‹¨ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μžλ£Œλ‘œμ„œ ν™œμš©λ˜μ—ˆμ—ˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κΈ°λ‘ν™”λŠ” ν–‰μ •μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ μ „μžν™”μ™€ μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²• μ œλ„μ˜ λ„μž…μœΌλ‘œ 인해 결과적으둜 ν–‰μ •μž…λ²• 절차λ₯Ό 의미 있게 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 역할을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ—μ„œ κΈ°λ‘ν™”λŠ” 일반ꡭ민의 참여에 κΈ°μ—¬ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬ μ œλ„λ₯Ό μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ 절차둜 곡고히 ν•˜λŠ”λ° 큰 역할을 λ‹΄λ‹Ήν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 끝으둜, ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ μ€‘μš”μ„±μ— λŒ€ν•œ 일반ꡭ민의 μΈμ‹λΆ€μ‘±μ΄λ‚˜ μ°Έμ—¬ λ™κΈ°μ˜ λΆ€μž¬λŠ” λ²•μ œμ˜ 잘λͺ»λœ μš΄μš©λ°©μ‹λ§ŒνΌμ΄λ‚˜ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬λ₯Ό μ €ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” μ£Όμš”ν•œ μš”μΈμœΌλ‘œ μž‘μš©ν•¨μ„ 확인할 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 기술의 λ°œλ‹¬μ€ μ „μžμ  μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬λ₯Ό 톡해 ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ—μ„œ μ°Έμ—¬λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜λ₯Ό μ‹€ν˜„ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κ°€λŠ₯성을 λ°œκ²¬ν•΄ μ£Όμ—ˆκ³ , κ°€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ λ°œλ‹¬λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κΈ°μˆ λ“€μ€ ν˜„ν–‰ μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ ν•œκ³„λ“€μ„ 극볡할 수 μžˆλŠ” λ°©μ•ˆμ„ μ œμ‹œν•΄ μ£Όκ³  μžˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ „μžμ  μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬κ°€ 의미 μžˆλŠ” μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ μ œλ„λ‘œ λ°œμ „ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μΌλ°˜κ΅­λ―Όμ— μ˜ν•œ μ°Έμ—¬κ°€ ν™œμ„±ν™”λ˜μ–΄ μ°Έμ—¬μžμ˜ 닀양성이 ν™•λ³΄λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ 일반ꡭ민의 μ˜κ²¬μ œμΆœμ„ ν™œμ„±ν™”ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²• κ΄€λ ¨ μ •λΆ€ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ κ°œλ°œν•˜κ³  μ€‘μš”ν•œ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ 경우 이에 λŒ€ν•œ 홍보와 ν•¨κ»˜ ꡭ민의 접근성을 높일 수 μžˆλŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 참여방식이 λ§ˆλ ¨λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²• μ œλ„κ°€ μ„±μˆ™λ˜λ©΄ μ˜κ²¬μ œμΆœμ— μ˜ν•œ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ˜ κ²°κ³Όκ°€ μ΅œμ’…ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ— 반영되고, μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ˜ 영ν–₯λ ₯은 λ‹€μ‹œ 의미 μžˆλŠ” μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬λ₯Ό μ°½μΆœν•˜λŠ” 원동λ ₯으둜 μž‘μš©ν•˜κ²Œ λœλ‹€. κ²°κ΅­, 이와 같은 μ„ μˆœν™˜μ€ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ œλ„λ₯Ό μ„±μˆ™μ‹œμΌœ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ œλ„κ°€ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ 민주적 정당성을 λ³΄μ™„ν•˜κ³ , 민주와 λ²•μΉ˜, μˆ™μ˜λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜λ₯Ό μ‹€ν˜„ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ œλ„λ‘œ λ°œμ „ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 기틀을 λ§ˆλ ¨ν•œλ‹€. 이에 λ³Έ 논문은 ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ—μ„œ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ ˆμ°¨μ— κ΄€ν•œ 곡법적 μ—°κ΅¬λΌλŠ” λŒ€ 주제λ₯Ό 기본으둜, λ¨Όμ € μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ˜ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ—­ν• κ³Ό κΈ°λŠ₯에 κ΄€ν•˜μ—¬ λ²•μ œμ μΈ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ κ·Έ 의의λ₯Ό νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κ³  ꡬ체적인 λ²•λ„κ·Έλ§ˆν‹±μ„ λ„μΆœν•΄ λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ, 미ꡭ의 μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²• μ œλ„μ˜ λ°œμ „κ³Όμ •κ³Ό 사둀λ₯Ό 톡해 우리의 μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ ν˜„μž¬μ— λŒ€λΉ„ν•˜κ³ , 인곡지λŠ₯ 기술 및 ν¬λΌμš°λ“œ-μ‹œλΉ…(Crowd-Civic) μ‹œμŠ€ν…œκ³Ό 같은 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κΈ°μˆ λ“€μ— κ΄€ν•œ λ…Όμ˜λ₯Ό 톡해 우리의 μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ λ―Έλž˜μ— λŒ€λΉ„ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ œμ•ˆμ„ λ‹΄μ•„ λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€.The general purpose of the electronic participation in e-Rulemaking is to derive the direct participation of the citizens who have become interested in the administrative legislation through this system. However, the primary purpose of e-participation is to complement the democratic legitimacy of administrative rulemaking through the direct participation of the citizens that influences final rulemaking. And the fundamental purpose is to realize deliberative democracy through those procedures. The development of modern information and communications technology and the establishment of electronic administrative system provide a way to overcome the physical limitations inherent in existing public participation mechanisms and to activate e-participation. Therefore, the e-participation system was able to function as a complementary means to overcome the limitations of representative democracy by the participation of various ordinary people, rather than by limited participation, by expanding participants represented by some stockholders or interest groups to the general public. However, in our administrative reality, the public participation procedures being implemented as a response procedure to the notice of the informal rulemaking procedures are operating in a very formal and limited form. This calls for activating e-participation to seek ways to supplement democratic legitimacy in administrative legislation and realize the values of democracy and rule of law through meaningful comment procedures. Therefore, it should be analyzed and reviewed the e-Rulemkaing and electronic public participation procedures in the United States. Through the analysis, the main measures to activate our electronic public participation system as a meaningful system are as follows. First, the comments of the responses submitted by the people in the e-Rulemaking should be provided to the public who is the third party in the e-Rulemaking procedures. it should be provided as one of e-Rulemaking data. In the case of major comments, whether and how the comments are refeled in the final rule shall be provided to the public as a third party comments in the same way the e-Rulemkaing notice published. Secondly, we can see that the measures to control administrative rulemaking and to record related data of administrative rulemaking, which have been developed characteristically in the U.S., have had an important effect on realizing the electronic public participation system as a result of the application of e-Rulemaking system. In particular, in the case of recorded regulations, data from the administrative rulemaking procedures, which was recorded as data to improve transparency of administration and to determine the legitimacy of administrative legislation in the review of the legality of rule that could be brought forward later, played a role in making administrative legislation procedures meaningful due to digitalization. In administrative rulemaking, record-keeping regulations played a major role in consolidating the citizen participation system in a procedural manner by contributing to public participation. Third, the Federal Administrative Procedures Act of the United States is essentially silent in addition to the general provisions that the public participation procedure must be reflected in the administrative process. However, the Presidential Executive Order, which was enacted to institutionalize the e-Rulemaking, exerted force on the administration and contributed to the establishment of an electronic public participation system. On the other hand, factors that impede the activation of electronic citizen participation in e-Rulemaking include inadequate legal and technical systems, as well as lack of public awareness of the importance of rulemaking and lack of motivation for public participation. These factors serve as a major impediment to public participation as much as the absence of a legal system. The launch of technology has revealed the possibility of realizing participatory democracy in rulemaking through electronic citizen participation. Also, the technologies that are developing rapidly provide a way to overcome the limitations of current e-Rulemaking. However, in order for electronic civic participation to develop into a meaningful system, public participation by the general citizens must be activated to ensure diversity of participants. Therefore, in order to promote the comments of e-Ruelmaking as a public participation, various approaches should be developed along with the development of government programs related to public participation and the promotion of important e-Rulemaking.제1μž₯ μ„œ λ‘  1 제1절 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ κ³Ό λ°°κ²½ 1 I. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ  1 II. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ°°κ²½ 5 제2절 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 방법과 λ²”μœ„ 7 I. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 방법 7 II. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ²”μœ„ 8 제2μž₯ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•κ³Ό μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ ˆμ°¨ 12 제1절 κ°œκ΄€ 12 제2절 μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ— μ˜ν•œ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ ν†΅μ œ 14 I. ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ—μ„œμ˜ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬ 15 1. ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ 의의 15 2. ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ ˆμ°¨μ˜ 의의 16 3. ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ ˆμ°¨λ‘œμ„œ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ˜ 의의 17 II. 민주와 λ²•μΉ˜μ— μ˜ν•œ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ ν†΅μ œ 18 1. ν–‰μ •μ˜ 절차적 ν†΅μ œ 19 2. ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ ν†΅μ œμˆ˜λ‹¨ 24 III. μˆ™μ˜λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜μ˜ μ œλ„ν™”λ‘œμ„œμ˜ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬ 29 1. μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ˜ κ°œλ… 30 2. μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ˜ 의의 33 3. μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ˜ κΈ°λŠ₯ 35 제3절 μ „μžμ  μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ— μ˜ν•œ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²• 37 I. μ „μžμ •λΆ€ 38 1. μ „μžμ •λΆ€μ˜ κ°œλ… 38 2. μ „μžμ •λΆ€μ—μ„œ ν–‰μ •μ˜ μ—­ν•  40 3. μ „μžμ •λΆ€λ²•μ˜ λ„μž…κ³Όμ • 41 4. μ „μžμ •λΆ€μ˜ μ„±μˆ™λ‹¨κ³„μ΄λ‘  44 II. μ „μžμ  방식에 μ˜ν•œ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬ 46 1. μ „μžμ  μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ˜ κ°œλ… 47 2. μ „μžμ  μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ˜ 의의 48 3. μ „μžμ  μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ˜ λ°œμ „λ‹¨κ³„ 51 III. μ „μžμ  μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ— μ˜ν•œ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ 민주적 μ •λ‹Ήμ„± 53 제3μž₯ λ―Έκ΅­ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•κ³Ό μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ œλ„ 56 제1절 κ°œκ΄€ 56 제2절 ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ œλ„μ˜ λ°œμ „ 59 I. ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ 의의 60 II. ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ œλ„μ˜ λ„μž… 63 1. ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ 기원 63 2. μ—°λ°©ν–‰μ •μ ˆμ°¨λ²•μ˜ μ œμ • 65 III. ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•κΆŒν•œμ˜ μ„±μž₯ 71 1. 제1μ„±μž₯κΈ° 72 2. 제2μ„±μž₯κΈ° 74 IV. μ‹œλŒ€λ³„ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ œλ„μ˜ λ³€μ²œ 76 1. ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ ν™•λŒ€μ™€ λΉ„νŒ 76 2. ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ μ œν•œμ  λ°œμ „ 77 3. ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ λ‹€μ–‘ν™” 80 V. μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ— μ˜ν•œ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ ν†΅μ œ 84 1. 기둝화 84 2. ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ ν†΅μ œμ™€ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬ 91 제3절 μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ œλ„μ˜ λ°œμ „ 97 I. 초기 μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ œλ„ 97 1. λ…Όμ˜μ˜ λ°°κ²½ 97 2. 초기 μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ œλ„μ˜ μœ ν˜• 99 II. μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ œλ„μ˜ 절차적 λ³€ν™” 107 1. 고지 및 μ˜κ²¬μ œμΆœμ— μ˜ν•œ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ—μ„œ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬ 108 2. ν˜‘μƒμ— μ˜ν•œ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ—μ„œ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬ 111 III. 이읡집단에 μ˜ν•œ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ œλ„μ˜ ν™œμ„±ν™” 116 1. μ‚¬νšŒμ  규제 ν™•λŒ€ 116 2. 이읡집단에 μ˜ν•œ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬ 119 IV. μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ—μ„œ μ°Έμ—¬μžμ˜ λ‹€μ–‘μ„± 확보 125 1. μΌλ°˜μ‹œλ―Όμ— μ˜ν•œ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ˜ ν™•λŒ€ 125 2. μ •λΆ€ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ— μ˜ν•œ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬ 128 V. 행정뢀에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ œλ„μ˜ λ³€ν™” 129 1. μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ œλ„μ˜ ν™•λŒ€ 130 2. μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ œλ„μ˜ μΆ•μ†Œ 132 3. μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ œλ„μ˜ ν™œμ„±ν™” 137 4. μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ œλ„μ˜ 정체 140 제4절 μ†Œκ²° 141 제4μž₯ 미ꡭ의 μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²•κ³Ό μ „μžμ  μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬ 144 제1절 κ°œκ΄€ 144 제2절 μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ 법적 μŸμ μ™€ λ°œμ „κ³Όμ • 148 I. μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ 법적 쟁점 148 1. μ—°λ°©ν–‰μ •μ ˆμ°¨λ²• 148 2. μ—°λ°©ν–‰μ •μ ˆμ°¨λ²• κ°œμ •μ˜ ν•„μš”μ„± 151 3. κ·Έ λ°–μ˜ 법적 쟁점 153 II. μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ λ°œμ „κ³Όμ • 156 1. μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ λ„μž… 156 2. 제1μ„ΈλŒ€ μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²• 161 3. 제2μ„ΈλŒ€ μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²• 165 제3절 고지 및 μ˜κ²¬μ œμΆœμ— μ˜ν•œ ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ μ „μžν™” 171 I. 고지 절차의 μ „μžν™” 172 1. μ „μžμ  κ³ μ§€μ˜ 의의 172 2. μ „μžμ  고지 절차 174 II. 의견제좜의 μ „μžν™” 176 1. 의견제좜의 μ ‘μˆ˜ 176 2. 의견제좜의 사전검토 180 κ°€. κ°œμΈμ •λ³΄ 보호 183 λ‚˜. μ˜μ—…λΉ„λ°€ 및 κΈ°λ°€μ •λ³΄μ˜ 보호 186 λ‹€. μ €μž‘κΆŒμ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•˜λŠ” μ •λ³΄μ˜ 보호 188 라. μ™Έμ„€ 및 μœ„ν˜‘μ˜ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•˜λŠ” 의견제좜 191 3. 의견제좜의 처리 및 반영 191 III. μ „μžμ  기둝화에 κ΄€ν•œ 법적 쟁점 196 1. μ „μžμ  의견제좜의 기둝화 196 2. μ „μžμ  기둝보관과 법적 쟁점 201 제4절 사둀연ꡬ: 망쀑립성 규제의 μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²• 208 I. κ°œκ΄€ 208 1. μ‚¬λ‘€μ„ νƒμ˜ λ°°κ²½ 208 2. 적용 법령 209 II. 망쀑립성 규제의 λ°°κ²½ 210 III. μ „μžμ  μ˜κ²¬μ œμΆœμ— μ˜ν•œ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬ 213 1. κ²½κ³Ό 213 2. μ „μžμ  방식에 μ˜ν•œ 의견제좜 215 IV. μ†Œκ²° 218 제5절 μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²• ν™œμ„±ν™”μ— λŒ€ν•œ 평가와 전망 221 I. μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ ν•œκ³„μ™€ ν˜μ‹ μ„± 221 1. ν˜„ν–‰ μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ ν•œκ³„ 221 2. μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ ν˜μ‹ μ„± 224 II. μ „μžμ  의견제좜의 ν™œμ„±ν™”μ™€ 법적 쟁점 227 1. 인곡지λŠ₯ 기술 μ μš©μ— λ”°λ₯Έ 문제점 227 2. μ‹ κΈ°μˆ  μ μš©μ— λ”°λ₯Έ 톡합 κΈ°μˆ κ΄€λ¦¬ κΈ°κ΄€μ˜ ν•„μš”μ„± 229 3. ν…μŠ€νŠΈ λΆ„λ₯˜ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œκ³Ό μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ˜ 편ν–₯μ„± 231 4. μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ—μ„œ μ‘°λ ₯자의 κ°œμž… ν•„μš”μ„± 234 III. μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ—μ„œ μ‹ κΈ°μˆ  적용의 과제 240 1. μ „μžμ  방식 적용의 의의 241 2. 인곡지λŠ₯ μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ˜ ν™œμš©κ³Ό 문제점 243 3. ν¬λΌμš°λ“œμ†Œμ‹±μ˜ μ˜μ˜μ™€ 문제점 244 제6절 μ†Œκ²° 253 제5μž₯ μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌ μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ ν˜„ν™©κ³Ό κ°œμ„ λ°©μ•ˆ 257 제1절 κ°œκ΄€ 259 제2절 ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ—μ„œ μ „μžμ  μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬ 259 I. λ²•κ·œλͺ…λ Ήμ—μ„œμ˜ μ „μžμ  μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬ 259 1. μ „μžμ  μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ˜ ν˜„ν™© 및 평가 259 κ°€. λŒ€μƒ 및 κΈ°κ°„ 262 λ‚˜. μˆ˜λ‹¨ 및 방법 264 2. μ „μžμ  μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ˜ κ°œμ„ λ°©μ•ˆ 268 II. ν–‰μ •κ·œμΉ™μ—μ„œμ˜ μ „μžμ  μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬ 271 제3절 μ „μžμ  방식에 μ˜ν•œ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ œλ„ 273 I. 청원, 민원, κ΅­λ―Όμ œμ•ˆ 및 곡청회 μ œλ„ 273 1. μ „μžμ  μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ œλ„μ˜ ν˜„ν™© 및 평가 273 2. μ „μžμ  μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ œλ„μ˜ κ°œμ„ λ°©μ•ˆ 281 II. μ „μžμ  μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μ „μžν–‰μ •μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ 285 1. μ „μžμ  ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ˆκ³  μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ ν˜„ν™© 및 평가 285 2. μ „μžμ  ν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ˆκ³  μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ κ°œμ„ λ°©μ•ˆ 288 제4절 μ „μžμ  μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬μ˜ ν™œμ„±ν™” 290 I. ν–‰μ •μž…λ²• κ΄€λ ¨ μ •λ³΄μ˜ μ „μžμ  제곡 290 1. ν–‰μ •μž…λ²• κ΄€λ ¨ μ •λ³΄μ œκ³΅μ˜ 의의 291 2. μ „μžμ  μ •λ³΄κ³΅κ°œμ˜ ν˜„ν™© 및 평가 293 κ°€. λ―Έκ΅­ 293 λ‚˜. μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌ 294 3. μ „μžμ  μ •λ³΄κ³΅κ°œ ν™œμ„±ν™”λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ κ°œμ„ λ°©μ•ˆ 297 κ°€. μ •λ³΄κ³΅κ°œμ˜ λ²”μœ„ 및 정도 298 λ‚˜. 의견제좜 λ‚΄μš©μ˜ 곡개 및 제곡 299 II. μ „μžν–‰μ •μž…λ²•μ˜ˆκ³  μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ 톡합관리 302 1. μ „μžμ •λΆ€μ§€μ›μ„Όν„°μ˜ ν˜„ν™© 및 평가 302 2. 톡합 μ „μžν–‰μ •μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ μœ„ν•œ κ°œμ„ λ°©μ•ˆ 304 III. ν–‰μ •μž…λ²• κ΄€λ ¨ 자료의 기둝화 307 IV. κ·Έ λ°–μ˜ μ „μžμ  μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬ ν™œμ„±ν™”λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ κ°œμ„ λ°©μ•ˆ 309 1. ꡭ민의 μ°Έμ—¬μœ μΈ κ°•ν™” 309 2. ν–‰μ •μ˜ 내뢀적 ν†΅μ œ 310 제5절 μ†Œκ²° 312 제6μž₯ κ²° λ‘  314 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 322 Abstract 346Docto

    Experiments on Crowdsourcing Policy Assessment

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    Can Crowds serve as useful allies in policy design? How do non-expert Crowds perform relative to experts in the assessment of policy measures? Does the geographic location of non-expert Crowds, with relevance to the policy context, alter the performance of non-experts Crowds in the assessment of policy measures? In this work, we investigate these questions by undertaking experiments designed to replicate expert policy assessments with non-expert Crowds recruited from Virtual Labor Markets. We use a set of ninety six climate change adaptation policy measures previously evaluated by experts in the Netherlands as our control condition to conduct experiments using two discrete sets of non-expert Crowds recruited from Virtual Labor Markets. We vary the composition of our non-expert Crowds along two conditions: participants recruited from a geographical location directly relevant to the policy context and participants recruited at-large. We discuss our research methods in detail and provide the findings of our experiments. Prpić, J., Taeihagh, A., &amp; Melton, J. (2014). Experiments on Crowdsourcing Policy Assessment. Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford - IPP 2014 - Crowdsourcing for Politics and Policy
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