Evaluation of background push content download services to mobile devices over DVB networks

© 2014 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.This paper proposes a multicast content download service based on the use of residual network capacity to push multimedia content to available local storage in personal multimedia devices. The service under study is based on the FLUTE protocol. Specifically, FLUTE packets fill the spare capacity in the IP tunnels reserved for the primary streaming service (opportunistic insertion). The paper also evaluates the use of AL-FEC parity to overcome transmission errors,object multiplexing to send the most popular multimedia contents more frequently and cache management policies that consider user preferences in order to keep in storage the most useful items. The service has been evaluated through simulations and measurements performed with an application prototype based on the DVB-H standards. The results show that AL-FEC enables the use of residual capacity for background content download services. In turn, AL-FEC, as well as object multiplexing, improves the relation between the number of content items and the overall access time. Moreover, results show that high percentages of requests can be served from the local cache of the service, provided that it is possible to estimate the popularity of content items and the user preferences.This work was supported by the PAID-05-12 program of the UniversitatPolitecnica de Valencia.Fraile Gil, F.; De Fez Lava, I.; Guerri Cebollada, JC. (2014). Evaluation of background push content download services to mobile devices over DVB networks. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting. 60(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBC.2013.2289639S11560

Evaluation of unidirectional background push content download services for the delivery of television programs

Este trabajo de tesis presenta los servicios de descarga de contenido en modo push como un mecanismo eficiente para el envío de contenido de televisión pre-producido sobre redes de difusión. Hoy en día, los operadores de red dedican una cantidad considerable de recursos de red a la entrega en vivo de contenido televisivo, tanto sobre redes de difusión como sobre conexiones unidireccionales. Esta oferta de servicios responde únicamente a requisitos comerciales: disponer de los contenidos televisivos en cualquier momento y lugar. Sin embargo, desde un punto de vista estrictamente académico, el envío en vivo es únicamente un requerimiento para el contenido en vivo, no para contenidos que ya han sido producidos con anterioridad a su emisión. Más aún, la difusión es solo eficiente cuando el contenido es suficientemente popular. Los servicios bajo estudio en esta tesis utilizan capacidad residual en redes de difusión para enviar contenido pre-producido para que se almacene en los equipos de usuario. La propuesta se justifica únicamente por su eficiencia. Por un lado, genera valor de recursos de red que no se aprovecharían de otra manera. Por otro lado, realiza la entrega de contenidos pre-producidos y populares de la manera más eficiente: sobre servicios de descarga de contenidos en difusión. Los resultados incluyen modelos para la popularidad y la duración de contenidos, valiosos para cualquier trabajo de investigación basados en la entrega de contenidos televisivos. Además, la tesis evalúa la capacidad residual disponible en redes de difusión, por medio de estudios empíricos. Después, estos resultados son utilizados en simulaciones que evalúan las prestaciones de los servicios propuestos en escenarios diferentes y para aplicaciones diferentes. La evaluación demuestra que este tipo de servicios son un recurso muy útil para la entrega de contenido televisivo.This thesis dissertation presents background push Content Download Services as an efficient mechanism to deliver pre-produced television content through existing broadcast networks. Nowadays, network operators dedicate a considerable amount of network resources to live streaming live, through both broadcast and unicast connections. This service offering responds solely to commercial requirements: Content must be available anytime and anywhere. However, from a strictly academic point of view, live streaming is only a requirement for live content and not for pre-produced content. Moreover, broadcasting is only efficient when the content is sufficiently popular. The services under study in this thesis use residual capacity in broadcast networks to push popular, pre-produced content to storage capacity in customer premises equipment. The proposal responds only to efficiency requirements. On one hand, it creates value from network resources otherwise unused. On the other hand, it delivers popular pre-produced content in the most efficient way: through broadcast download services. The results include models for the popularity and the duration of television content, valuable for any research work dealing with file-based delivery of television content. Later, the thesis evaluates the residual capacity available in broadcast networks through empirical studies. These results are used in simulations to evaluate the performance of background push content download services in different scenarios and for different applications. The evaluation proves that this kind of services can become a great asset for the delivery of television contentFraile Gil, F. (2013). Evaluation of unidirectional background push content download services for the delivery of television programs [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/31656TESI

A personalized system for scalable distribution of multimedia content in multicast wireless networks

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-014-2139-3This paper presents a novel architecture for scalable multimedia content delivery over wireless networks. The architecture takes into account both the user preferences and context in order to provide personalized contents to each user. In this way, third-party applications filter the most appropriate contents for each client in each situation. One of the key characteristics of the proposal is the scalability, which is provided, apart from the use of filtering techniques, through the transmission in multicast networks. In this sense, content delivery is carried out by means of the FLUTE (File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport) protocol, which provides reliability in unidirectional environments through different mechanisms such as AL-FEC (Application Layer Forward Error Correction) codes, used in this paper. Another key characteristic is the context-awareness and personalization of content delivery, which is provided by means of context information, user profiles, and adaptation. The system proposed is validated through several empirical studies. Specifically, the paper presents evaluations of two types that collect objective and subjective measures. The first evaluate the efficiency of the transmission protocol, analyzing how the use of appropriate transmission parameters reduces the download time (and thus increasing the Quality of Experience), which can be minimized by using caching techniques. On the other hand, the subjective measures present a study about the user experience after testing the application and analyze the accuracy of the filtering process/strategy. Results show that using AL-FEC mechanisms produces download times until four times lower than when no protection is used. Also, results prove that there is a code rate that minimizes the download time depending on the losses and that, in general, code rates 0.7 and 0.9 provide good download times for a wide range of losses. On the other hand, subjective measures indicate a high user satisfaction (more than 80 %) and a relevant degree of accuracy of the content adaption.This work is supported in part by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of the Government of Spain under project COMINN (IPT-2012-0883-430000) and by the project PAID/2012/313 from the PAID-05-12 program of the Vicerrectorado de Investigacion of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia.De Fez Lava, I.; Gil Pascual, M.; Fons Cors, JJ.; Guerri Cebollada, JC.; Pelechano Ferragud, V. (2014). A personalized system for scalable distribution of multimedia content in multicast wireless networks. Multimedia Tools and Applications. 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-014-2139-3S127AdAdge (2013) A majority of U.S. mobile users are now smartphone users. Available at: http://adage.com/article/digital/a-majority-u-s-mobile-users-smartphone-users/241717 . Accessed November 2013Adomavicius G, Tuzhilin E (2005) Toward the next generation of recommender Systems: a survey of the state-of-the-art and possible extensions. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 17:734–749Adomavicius G, Tuzhilin A (2010) Context-aware recommender systems. Recommender Systems Handbook (Chapter 7): 217–253Androjena, Jena Android Porting (2013). Available at: https://code.google.com/p/androjena . Accessed December 2013Anind KD (2001) Understanding and Using Context. Personal Ubiquitous Comput 5:4–7Assad M, Carmichael DJ, Kay J, Kummerfeld B (2007) PersonisAD: distributed, active, scrutable model framework for context-aware services. Proc. of Pervasive Computing, Toronto, Canada:55–72Bai H, Atiquzzaman M (2003) Error modeling schemes for fading channels in wireless communications: a survey. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials 5(2):2–9Baldauf M, Dustdar S, Rosenberg F (2007) A survey on context-aware systems. Int. J. AdHoc and Ubiquitous Computing, Springer-Verlag 2:263–277Barquero D, Bria A (2007) Forward Error Correction file delivery in DVB-H. Proc. of IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC), Dublin, Ireland:2951–2955Bright A, Kay J, Ler D, Ngo K, Niu W, Nuguid A (2005) Adaptively recommending museum tours. Proc. of the UbiComp Workshop on Smart Environments and their Applications to Cultural Heritage, Tokyo, Japan:29–32Chatfield C, Carmichael D, Hexel R, Kay J, Kummerfeld B (2005) Personalisation in intelligent environments: managing the information flow. Proc. of the OZCHI Computer-human interaction, Canberra, Australia:1–10Chen YFR, Jana R, Stern D, Wei B, Yang M, Sun H, Dyaberi J (2010) Zebroid: using IPTV data to support STB-assisted VoD content delivery. Multimedia System Journal 16(3):199–214Chen G, Kotz D (2000) A survey on context-aware mobile computing research. Technical Report TR2000-381, Dartmouth Computer ScienceCommunity Research and Development Information Service (CORDIS) – Seventh Framework Programme (FP7). Available at: http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/home_en.html . Accesed October 2013de Fez I, Fraile F, Belda R, Guerri JC (2011) Performance evaluation of AL-FEC LDPC codes for push content applications in wireless unidirectional environments. Multimedia Tools and Applications 60(3):669–688de Fez I, Fraile F, Belda R, Guerri JC (2012) Analysis and evaluation of adaptive LDPC AL-FEC codes for content download services. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 14(3):641–650de Fez I, Fraile F, Guerri JC (2013) Effect of the FDT transmission frequency for an optimum content delivery using the FLUTE protocol. Computer Communications 36(12):1298–1309de Fez I, Guerri JC (2014) An adaptive mechanism for optimal content download in wireless networks. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 16(4):1140–1155Du R, Safavi-Naini R, Susilo W (2003) Web filtering using text classification (2003). Proc. of the Int Conf on Networks (ICON), Sydney, Australia:325–330ETSI TS 102 034 (2008), Transport of MPEG-2 TS Based DVB Services over IP based Networks (and associated XML), v1.4.1, available online: www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/102000_102099/102034/01.04.01_60/ts_102034v010401p.pdfETSI TS 102 472 (2009), Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); IP Datacast over DVB-H: Content Delivery Protocols, v1.3.1, available online: www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/102400_102499/102472/01.03.01_60/ts_102472v010301p.pdfETSI TS 126 346 (2013), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS); Protocols and codecs (release 10), v11.3.0, available online: www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/126300_126399/126346/11.03.00_60/ts_126346v110300p.pdfFelfernig A, Jeran M, Ninaus G, Reinfrank F, Reiterer S (2013) Toward the next generation of recommender systems: applications and research challenges. Multimedia Services in Intelligent Environments 24 (Chapter 5): 81–98Fraile F, de Fez I, Guerri JC (2009) Modela-TV: service personalization and business model management for mobile TV. Proc. of 7th European Interactive TV Conference (EuroITV), Leuven, Belgium:1–6Fraile F, de Fez I, Guerri JC (2014) Evaluation of background push content download services to mobile devices over DVB networks. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting 60(1):1–15Gallager RG (1962) Low density parity check codes. IRE Transactions on Information Theory 8(1):21–28Gil M, Giner P, Pelechano V (2012) Personalization for unobtrusive service interaction. Personal Ubiquitous Comput 16(5):543–561Guillen J, Miranda J, Berrocal J, Garcia-Alonso J, Murillo J, Canal C (2014) People as a service: a mobile-centric model for providing collective sociological profiles. IEEE Software 31(2):48–53Hrvoje J, Stockhammer T, Xu W, Abdel Samad W (2006) Efficient video-on-demand services over mobile datacast channels. Journal of Zhejiang University 7(5):873–884Hsieh CC, Lin CH, Chang WT (2009) Design and implementation of the interactive multimedia broadcasting services in DVB-H. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 55(4):1779–1787Kellerer H, Pferschy U, Pisinger D (2004) Knapsack problems. SpringerKorpipaa P, Malm EJ, Rantakokko T, Kyllonen V, Kela J, Mantyjarvi J, Hakkila J, Kansala I (2006) Customizing user interaction in smart phones. IEEE Pervasive Computing 5:82–90Kuppusamy KS, Aghila G (2012) A personalized web page content filtering model based on segmentation. Int Journal of Information Sciences and Techniques (IJIST) 2(1):41–51Kutscher D, Greifenberg J, Loos K (2007) Scalable DTN distribution over uni-directional links. Proc. of the SIGCOMM workshop on networked systems in developing regions (NSDR), Kyoto, Japan: article no. 6Lewis JR (1995) Ibm computer usability satisfaction questionnaires: psychometric evaluation and instructions for use. Int J Hum Comput Interact 7(1):57–78Liang L, Cruichkshank H, Sun Z, Kulatunga C, Fairhurst G (2010) The integration of TESLA and FLUTE over satellite networks. Proc. of the IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (Globecom), Miami, FL, USA:1–6Lohmar T, Huschke J (2009) Radio resource optimization for MBMS file transmissions. Proc. of the IEEE Int Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB), Bilbao, Spain:1–7Neumann C, Roca V, Walsh R (2005) Large scale content distribution protocols. ACM Computer Communication Review 35(5):85–92Paila T, Walsh R, Luby M, Roca V, Lehtonen R (2012) FLUTE – File Delivery Over Unidirectional Transport. IETF RFC 6726Paolini E, Varrella M, Chiani M, Matuz B, Liva G (2008) Low-complexity LDPC codes with near-optimum performance over the BEC. Proc. Adv Satellite Mobile Systems (ASMS), Bologna, Italy:274–282Papastergiou G, Psaras I, Tsaoussidis V (2009) Deep-space transport protocol: a novel transport scheme for space DTNs. Computer Communications 32(16):1757–1767Peltotalo J, Harju J, Saukko M, Väätämöinen L, Bouazizi I, Curcio I (2008) Personal mobile broadcasting based on the 3GPP MBMS System. Proc. of MoMM, Linz, Austria:156–162Peltotalo J, Peltotalo S, Harju J, Walsh R (2007) Performance analysis of a file delivery system based on the FLUTE protocol. Int Journal of Communication Systems 20(6):633–659Podlipnig S, Böszörmenyi L (2003) A survey of web cache replacement strategies. ACM Computing Surveys 35(4):374–398Roca V, Neumann C, Furodet D (2008) Low density parity check (LDPC) staircase and triangle forward error correction (FEC) schemes. IETF RFC 5170Runeson P, Höst M (2009) Guidelines for conducting and reporting case study research in software engineering. Empir Softw Eng 14(2):131–164Schiller JH, Voisard A (2004) Location-based services. Kaufmann, MorganSerral E, Gil M, Valderas P, Pelechano V (2013) Automating unobtrusive personalized services in ambient media environments. Multimedia Tools and Applications, Springer US, available online, doi: 10.1007/s11042-013-1634-2Serral E, Valderas P, Pelechano V (2010) Towards the model driven development of context-aware pervasive systems. Pervasive and Mobile Computing 6(2):254–280Streefkerk JW, van Esch-Bussemakers MP, Neerincx MA (2006) Designing personal attentive user interfaces in the mobile public safety domain. Comput Hum Behav 22:749–770Valtonen M, Vainio AM, Vanhala J (2009) Proactive and adaptive fuzzy profile control for mobile phones. Proc. of the IEEE Int Conf on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom), Galveston, Texas, USA:1–3van Woensel W, Gil M, Casteleyn S, Serral E, Pelechano V (2012) Adapting the obtrusiveness of service interactions in dynamically discovered environments. Proc. of MobiQuitous, Beijing, China:250–262W3C (2012), OWL 2Web Ontology Language Document Overview, Recommendation 11. Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview. Accesed: November 2013Weld DS, Anderson C, Domingos P, Etzioni O, Gajos K, Lau T, Wolf S (2003) Automatically personalizing user interfaces. Proc. of the Int Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), Acapulco, Mexico:1613–1619Xu J, Hu Q, Lee W, Lee DL (2004) Performance evaluation of an optimal cache replacement policy for wireless data dissemination. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 16(1):125–139Yetgin Z, Çelik T (2012) Efficient progressive downloading over multimedia broadcast multicast service. Computer Networks 56(2):533–547Zheng Q, Zhu P, Wang Y, Xu M (2010) EPSP: Enhancing network protocol with social-aware plane. Proc. of IEEE/ACM Int Conference on Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and Int Conference on Cyber, Ohysical and Social Computing (CPSCom), Hangzhou, China:578–58

COST EFFICIENT PROVISIONING OF MASS MOBILE MULTIMEDIA SERVICES IN HYBRID CELLULAR AND BROADCASTING SYSTEMS

Uno de los retos a los que se enfrenta la industria de las comunicaciones móviles e inalámbricas es proporcionar servicios multimedia masivos a bajo coste, haciéndolos asequibles para los usuarios y rentables a los operadores. El servicio más representativo es el de TV móvil, el cual se espera que sea una aplicación clave en las futuras redes móviles. Actualmente las redes celulares no pueden soportar un consumo a gran escala de este tipo de servicios, y las nuevas redes de radiodifusión móvil son muy costosas de desplegar debido a la gran inversión en infraestructura de red necesaria para proporcionar niveles aceptables de cobertura. Esta tesis doctoral aborda el problema de la provisión eficiente de servicios multimedia masivos a dispositivos móviles y portables utilizando la infraestructura de radiodifusión y celular existente. La tesis contempla las tecnologías comerciales de última generación para la radiodifusión móvil (DVB-H) y para las redes celulares (redes 3G+ con HSDPA y MBMS), aunque se centra principalmente en DVB-H. El principal paradigma propuesto para proporcionar servicios multimedia masivos a bajo coste es evitar el despliegue de una red DVB-H con alta capacidad y cobertura desde el inicio. En su lugar se propone realizar un despliegue progresivo de la infraestructura DVB-H siguiendo la demanda de los usuarios. Bajo este contexto, la red celular es fundamental para evitar sobre-dimensionar la red DVB-H en capacidad y también en áreas con una baja densidad de usuarios hasta que el despliegue de un transmisor o un repetidor DVB-H sea necesario. Como principal solución tecnológica la tesis propone realizar una codificación multi-burst en DVB-H utilizando códigos Raptor. El objetivo es explotar la diversidad temporal del canal móvil para aumentar la robustez de la señal y, por tanto, el nivel de cobertura, a costa de incrementar la latencia de la red.Gómez Barquero, D. (2009). COST EFFICIENT PROVISIONING OF MASS MOBILE MULTIMEDIA SERVICES IN HYBRID CELLULAR AND BROADCASTING SYSTEMS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/6881Palanci

Performance evaluation of AL-FEC LDPC codes for push content applications in wireless unidirectional environments

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-011-0841-yFEC (Forward Error Correction) mechanisms improve IP content transmission reliability through the recovery of packets lost in transmission. Opposite to ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request), FEC mechanisms are especially suited to unidirectional environments or to multicast environments where multiple receivers perceived different channel losses, thus making difficult the implementation of mechanisms based on feedback information. Among the different types of FEC codes, this paper presents a thorough performance evaluation of LDPC (Low Density Parity Check) codes, based on an implementation developed by the authors, according to the specifications defined by RFC 5170 for the usage of LDPC codes by push content applications based on the FLUTE protocol. LDPC codes provide a good trade-off between performance and complexity, hence, they are appropriate for mobile applications. Contributions of this paper include tests conducted with commercial mobile phones connected to the push content download server over a Wi-Fi network. The evaluation highlights the advantages of using packet level FEC encoding in file transmission over unidirectional networks and provides with a comparison between two kinds of LDPC structures: Staircase and Triangle. This is accomplished by calculating the inefficiency ratio of these LDPC structures in different environments. Results show that the implemented LDPC codes can provide inefficiency ratios close to one when the different coding parameters (as the code rate or the number of blocks) are configured to an optimal value that depends on the packet loss rate. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.This work was supported in part by the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade of the Government of Spain, under project "Redes Hibridas para la Provision de Servicios Turisticos" (TSI-020302-2010-165).De Fez Lava, I.; Fraile Gil, F.; Belda Ortega, R.; Guerri Cebollada, JC. (2012). Performance evaluation of AL-FEC LDPC codes for push content applications in wireless unidirectional environments. Multimedia Tools and Applications. 60(3):669-688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-011-0841-yS6696886033GPP TS 22.146 (2006) Multimedia broadcast/multicast service; stage 1 (release 6), V6.7.03GPP TS 25.346 (2007) Introduction of the Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) in the Radio Access Network (RAN); Stage 2 (Release8), V8.0.0Bai H, Atiquzzaman M (2003) Error modeling schemes for fading channels in wireless communications: a survey. IEEE Comm Surv Tutorials 5(2)Cunche M, Roca V (2008) Optimizing the error recovery capabilities of LDPC-staircase codes featuring a Gaussian elimination decoding scheme. Proc. of the 10th IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing for Space Communications (SPSC), Rhodes Island, GreeceCunche M, Roca V (2008) Improving the decoding of LDPC codes for the packet erasure channel with a hybrid Zyablov iterative decoding/Gaussian elimination scheme. INRIA Research Report RR-6473Cunche M, Savin V, Roca V (2010) Analysis of quasi-cyclic LDPC codes under ML decoding over the erasure channel. IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory and its Applications (ISITA), Taichung, TaiwanFaria G, Henriksson J, Stare E, Talmola P (2006) DVB-H: digital broadcast services to handheld devices. Proc IEEE 94(1):194–209Fraile F, de Fez I, Guerri JC (2011) Evaluation of a background push download service for personal multimedia devices. IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Las Vegas, USAGallager R G (1962), Low density parity check codes. IEEE Trans Inform Theor 8(1)Gil A, Fraile F, Ramos M, de Fez I, Guerri JC (2010) Personalized multimedia touristic services for mobile hybrid broadband/broadcast. IEEE Trans Consum Electron 56(1):129–211Handley M, Jacobson V (1998) SDP: session description protocol. IEFT RFC 2327IEEE (2007) Std. 802.11, wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specificationsIEEE (2009) Std. 802.16, air interface for broadband wireless systemsLacan J, Roca V, Peltotalo J, Peltotalo S (2009) Reed-Solomon Forward Error Correction (FEC) schemes. IETF RFC 5510Luby M (2002) LT codes. Proc. IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS), Vancouver, CanadaLuby M, Shokrollahi A, Watson M and Stockhammer T (2007) Raptor forward error correction scheme for object delivery. IETF RFC 5053Luby M, Watson M, Vicisano L (2009) Layered Coding Transport (LCT) building block. IEFT RFC 5651Luby M, Watson M, Vicisano L (2010) Asynchronous Layered Coding (ALC) protocol instantiation. IEFT RFC 5775MacKay D, Neal R (1995) Good codes based on very sparse matrices. In 5th IAM Conference: Cryptography and Coding, LNCS No. 1025Paila T, Luby M, Lehtonen R, Roca V, Walsh R (2004) FLUTE—file delivery over unidirectional transport. IETF RFC 3926Park S, Miller K (1990) Random number generators: good ones are hard to find. Commun ACM 33(1):87–88INRIA Planète Research Team (2006) LDPC large block FEC codec distribution, http://planete-bcast.inrialpes.fr/article.php3?id_article=16Roca V, Neumann C (2004) Design, evaluation and comparison of four large block FEC codecs, LDPC, LDGM, LDGM staircase and LDGM triangle, plus a Reed-Solomon small block FEC codec. INRIA Research Report RR-5225Roca V, Neumann C, Furodet D (2008) Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) Staircase and Triangle Forward Error Correction (FEC) schemes. IETF RFC 5170Shokrollahi A (2006) Raptor codes. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory no. 6Watson M (2009) Basic Forward Error Correction (FEC) schemes. IETF RFC 5445Watson M, Luby M, Vicisano L (2007) Forward Error Correction (FEC) building block. IETF RFC 5052White Paper (2009) Integrated Mobile Broadcast (IMB): the power of predictive broadcasting for 3G multimedia application

Semi-automated mobile television interactive application generation based on XHTML and Java ME

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University, 11/02/2011.Mobile Digital TV (MDTV), the hybrid of Digital Television (DTV) and mobile devices (such as mobile phones), has introduced a new way for people to watch DTV and has brought new opportunities for development in the DTV industry. Nowadays, the development of the next generation MDTV service has progressed in terms of both hardware layers and software, with interactive services/applications becoming one of the future MDTV service trends. However, current MDTV interactive services still lack in terms of attracting the consumers and the service creation and implementation process relies too much on commercial solutions, resulting in most parts of the process being proprietary. In addition, this has increased the technical demands for developers as well as has increased substantially the cost of producing and maintaining MDTV services. In light of the aforementioned situation, the Thesis has contributed to this field, by proposing an innovative MDTV service creation and consumption system based on XHTML and Java ME. On the head-end it introduces a semi-automatic creation mechanism to facilitate a less technical and more efficient interactive service creation process. This enables designers and creative individuals to be actively involved in the MDTV service creation process and to develop interactive-rich MDTV service. On the client-end it employs an open-source software environment as the interactive service MDTV consumption platform, rendering the MDTV service implementation process as less proprietary as possible. Furthermore, the Thesis offers a discussion on the different MDTV interactive application models currently used and based on the proposed software, a novel MDTV service presentation method is further introduced and adopted instead of the Rich Media and ECMAScript based methods. Finally, a series of qualitative testing procedures have been implemented with regards to conducting an essential evaluation on the operability of the proposed software system

Otimização de distribuição de conteúdos multimédia utilizando software-defined networking

The general use of Internet access and user equipments, such as smartphones, tablets and personal computers, is creating a new wave of video content consumption. In the past two decades, the Television broadcasting industry went through several evolutions and changes, evolving from analog to digital distribution, standard definition to high definition TV-channels, form the IPTV method of distribution to the latest set of technologies in content distribution, OTT. The IPTV technology introduced features that changed the passive role of the client to an active one, revolutionizing the way users consume TV content. Thus, the clients’ habits started to shape the services offered, leading to an anywhere and anytime offer of video content. OTT video delivery is a reflection of those habits, meeting the users’ desire, introducing several benefits discussed in this work over the previous technologies. However, the OTT type of delivery poses several challenges in terms of scalability and threatens the Telecommunications Operators business model, because OTT companies use the Telcos infrastructure for free. Consequently, Telecommunications Operators must prepare their infrastructure for future demand while offering new services to stay competitive. This dissertation aims to contribute with insights on what infrastructure changes a Telecommunications Operator must perform with a proposed bandwidth forecasting model. The results obtained from the forecast model paved the way to the proposed video content delivery method, which aims to improve users’ perceived Quality-of-Experience while optimizing load balancing decisions. The overall results show an improvement of users’ experience using the proposed method.A generalização do acesso à Internet e equipamentos pessoais como smartphones, tablets e computadores pessoais, está a criar uma nova onda de consumo de conteúdos multimedia. Nas ultimas duas décadas, a indústria de transmissão de Televisão atravessou várias evoluções e alterações, evoluindo da distribuição analógica para a digital, de canais de Televisão de definição padrão para alta definição, do método de distribuição IPTV, até ao último conjunto de tecnologias na distribuição de conteúdos, OTT. A tecnologia IPTV introduziu novas funcionalidades que mudaram o papel passivo do cliente para um papel activo, revolucionando a forma como os utilizadores consumem conteúdos televisivos. Assim, os hábitos dos clientes começaram a moldar os serviços oferecidos, levando à oferta de consumo de conteúdos em qualquer lugar e em qualquer altura. A entrega de vídeo OTT é um reflexo destes hábitos, indo ao encontro dos desejos dos utilizadores, que introduz inúmeras vantagens sobre outras tecnologias discutidas neste trabalho. No entanto, a entrega de conteúdos OTT cria diversos problemas de escalabilidade e ameaça o modelo de negócio das Operadoras de Telecomunicações, porque os fornecedores de serviço OTT usam a infraestrutura das mesmas sem quaisquer custos. Consequentemente, os Operadores de Telecomunicações devem preparar a sua infraestrutura para o consumo futuro ao mesmo tempo que oferecem novos serviços para se manterem competitivos. Esta dissertação visa contribuir com conhecimento sobre quais alterações uma Operadora de Telecomunicações deve executar com o modelo de previsão de largura de banda proposto. Os resultados obtidos abriram caminho para o método de entrega de conteúdos multimedia proposto, que visa ao melhoramento da qualidade de experiência do utilizador ao mesmo tempo que se optimiza o processo de balanceamento de carga. No geral os testes confirmam uma melhoria na qualidade de experiência do utilizador usando o método proposto.Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e Telemátic

Point-to-Multipoint Services on Fifth-Generation Mobile Networks

[ES] Esta disertación cubre el estado del arte en LTE eMBMS Release 14, también conocido como Enhanced Television Services (ENTV). ENTV trajo un conjunto de mejoras, tanto a nivel radio como a nivel de núcleo, que transformó a eMBMS en un estándar de televisión terrestre completo. La última versión de esta tecnología se denomina LTE-based 5G Broadcast; pero no usa New Radio ni el núcleo 5G. Para proveer una solución nativa 5G de servicios punto-a-multipunto, hubo investigación en entornos acad\'emicos y colaboraciones público-privada. La iniciativa más notable en este aspecto fue el proyecto del Horizon 2020 5G-Xcast, que transcurrió de 2017 a 2019. 5G-Xcast produjo varias soluciones a nivel de arquitectura, desde la perspectiva de provisión de contenidos, nuevas funciones de red interoperables con el núcleo 5G, hasta modificaciones a la interfaz aire basada en New Radio. Los hallazgos del proyecto están descritos en esta tesis. La tesis incluye dos ejemplos de eMBMS aplicados a verticales diferentes, una para el uso de eMBMS en entornos industriales, y otra presentando eMBMS como un sistema SAP. Incluir servicios punto-a-multipunto como un modo adicional celular trae algunos desafíos, como ya mostró la estandarización de eMBMS: las redes de radiodifusión terrestre y las redes celulares son muy distintas entre ellas. Encontrar una forma de onda viable para ambas infraestructuras es complejo. Esta tesis ofrece un punto de vista distinto al problema: un escenario de colaboración entre cadenas televisivas y operadores móviles, donde la infraestructura de radiodifusión y móvil son compartidas. Este concepto se ha definido como Convergence of Terrestrial and Mobile Networks. Las tecnologías elegidas para converger son ATSC 3.0 y 5G, usando el Advanced Traffic Steering, Switching and Splitting (ATSSS). ATSSS está compuesto de una serie de procedimientos, interfaces, funciones de red, para permitir el uso compartido de un acceso 3GPP con uno non-3GPP, como Wi-Fi. Sin embargo, el uso de ATSSS para juntar radiodifusión y celular no es trivial, ya que ATSSS no fue dise\~{n}ado para enlaces radio unidireccionales como ATSC 3.0. Estas limitaciones son descritas en detalle, y una propuesta para solventarlas tambi\'en está incluida. La solución se basa en Quick UDP Internet Connections (QUIC), y se usa como ejemplo para la provisión de Convergent Services (File Repair y Video Offloading). La tesis concluye con una descripción de Release 17 5MBS, con los nuevos conceptos introducidos. 5MBS es capaz de cambiar entre unicast, multicast y broadcast; dependiendo del servicio, la ubicación geográfica de los usuarios, y las capacidades de la infraestructura móvil involucradas. Para evaluar 5MBS, se ha realizado un estudio de prestaciones, basado en comunicaciones multicast dentro del núcleo de red 5G. Este prototipo 5MBS forma parte del laboratorio VLC Campus 5G, y utiliza el software comercial Open5GCore como base del desarrollo. El modelo de sistema para la experimentación esta formado por un servidor de vídeo, que se conecta al Open5GCore y a las funciones de red mejoradas con funcionalidades 5MBS. Estas funciones de red envían el contenido mediante punto-a-multipunto a un entorno radio y terminales simulados. Los resultados obtenidos resaltan el objetivo principal de la tesis: las comunicaciones punto-a-multipunto son una solución escalable para el envío de contenido multimedia en directo.[CA] Aquesta dissertació cobreix capdavanter en LTE eMBMS Release 14, també conegut com Enhanced Television Services (ENTV). ENTV va portar un conjunt de millores, tant a nivell de ràdio com a nivell de nucli, que va transformar el eMBMS en un estàndard de televisió terrestre complet. La última versió d'aquesta tecnologia es denomina LTE-based 5G Broadcast; però no fa servir New Ràdio ni el nucli 5G. Per a proveir una solució nativa 5G de serveis punt-a-multipunt, va haver-hi investigació en entorns acadèmics i col·laboracions pública i privada. La iniciativa més notable en aquest aspecte va ser el projecte del Horizon 2020 5G-Xcast, que va transcórrer del 2017 a 2019. 5G-Xcast va produir diverses solucions a nivell d'arquitectura, des de la perspectiva de provisió de continguts, noves funcions de xarxa interoperables amb el nucli 5G, fins a modificacions a la interfície aire basada en New Radio. Les troballes del projecte estan descrits en aquesta tesi. La tesi inclou dos exemples de eMBMS aplicats a verticals diferents, una per a l'ús de eMBMS en entorns industrials, i una altra presentant eMBMS com un sistema SAP. Incloure serveis punt-a-multipunt com una manera addicional cel·lular duu alguns desafiaments, com ja va mostrar l'estandardització de eMBMS: les xarxes de radiodifusió terrestre i les xarxes cel·lulars són molt diferents entre elles. Trobar una forma d'ona viable per a totes dues infraestructures és complex. Aquesta tesi ofereix un punt de vista diferent al problema: un escenari de col·laboració entre cadenes televisives i operadors mòbils, on la infraestructura de radiodifusió i mòbil són compartides. Aquest concepte s'ha definit com Convergence of Terrestrial and Mobile Networks. Les tecnologies triades per a convergir són ATSC 3.0 i 5G, usant el Advanced Traffic Steering, Switching and Splitting (ATSSS). ATSSS està compost d'una sèrie de procediments, interfícies, funcions de xarxa, per a permetre l'ús compartit d'un accés 3GPP amb un non-3GPP, com a Wi-Fi. No obstant això, l'ús de ATSSS per a adjuntar radiodifusió i cel·lular no és trivial, ja que ATSSS no va ser dissenyada per a per a enllaços ràdio unidireccionals com ATSC 3.0. Aquestes limitacions són descrites detalladament, i una proposta per a solucionar-les també està inclosa. La solució es basa en Quick UDP Internet Connections (QUIC), i s'usa com a exemple per a la provisió de Convergent Services (File Repair i Vídeo Offloading). La tesi conclou amb una descripció de Release 17 5MBS, amb els nous conceptes introduïts. 5MBS és capaç de canviar entre unicast, multicast i broadcast; depenent del servei, la ubicació geogràfica dels usuaris, i les capacitats de la infraestructura mòbil involucrades. Per a avaluar 5MBS, s'ha realitzat un estudi de prestacions, basat en comunicacions multicast dins del nucli de xarxa 5G. Aquest prototip 5MBS forma part del laboratori VLC Campus 5G, i utilitza el programari comercial Open5GCore com a base del desenvolupament. El model de sistema per a l'experimentació està format per un servidor de vídeo, que es connecta al Open5GCore i a les funcions de xarxa millorades amb funcionalitats 5MBS. Aquestes funcions de xarxa envien el contingut mitjançant punt-a-multipunt a un entorn ràdio i terminals simulats. Els resultats obtinguts ressalten l'objectiu principal de la tesi: les comunicacions punt-a-multipunt són una solució escalable per a l'enviament de contingut multimèdia en directe.[EN] This dissertation covers the state-of-the-art in LTE eMBMS Release 14, also known as Enhanced Television Services (ENTV). ENTV provided a suite of radio and core enhancements that made eMBMS into a viable terrestrial broadcast standard. The latest iteration of this technology is known as LTE-based 5G Broadcast; even though it is not New Radio or 5G Core based. To bridge this gap, research efforts by academia, public and private enterprises evaluated how to provide a 5G-based solution for point-to-multipoint services. The most notable effort in this regard is the Horizon 2020 project 5G-Xcast, which ran from 2017 to 2019. 5G-Xcast provided several architectural solutions, from the content delivery perspective down to air interface specifics; providing new waveforms based on New Radio and Network Functions interoperable with a Release 15 5G Core. The findings are summarized in this thesis. Two examples of eMBMS applied to different verticals are included in the thesis, one for the use of eMBMS in industrial environments, and the other using eMBMS as a PWS technology. Providing point-to-multipoint services as another cellular service poses some problems, as the standardization process of eMBMS showed: the broadcast infrastructure is different than the cellular one. Having a waveform that is suited for both scenarios is a difficult endeavour. The thesis provides a new perspective into this problem: Having existing Terrestrial Broadcast standards and infrastructure be the point-to-multipoint solution of 5G, where mobile operators and broadcasters collaborate together. This is defined in the dissertation as Convergence of Terrestrial and Mobile Networks. The technologies chosen to be converged together were ATSC 3.0 and 5G; using the existing Release 16 framework known as Advanced Traffic Steering, Switching and Splitting (ATSSS). ATSSS is a series of procedures, interfaces, new Network Functions, to allow the joint use of a 3GPP Access Network alongside a non-3GPP one, like Wi-Fi. However, the use of ATSSS for cellular plus broadcast brings challenges, as the ATSSS technology was not designed to be used with a unidirectional access network like ATSC 3.0. These limitations are described in detail, and an architectural proposal that overcomes the limitations is proposed. This solution is based on Quick UDP Internet Connections (QUIC), and how to provide Convergent Services (i.e File Repair and Video Offloading) is shown. The thesis concludes with a description of Release 17 5MBS, including the new concepts introduced. 5MBS features the capacity of switching between unicast, multicast and broadcast; depending on the service addressed, the geographical location of the users, and the capability of the RAN infrastructure targeted. In order to evaluate 5MBS, a performance study of the use of multicast inside the 5G Core has been carried out. The 5MBS prototype was developed as part of the VLC Campus 5G laboratory, using the commercial software Open5GCore which provides the libraries and Network Functions to deploy your own 5G Private Network in testing environments. The system model of the experiment is formed by a video server, connected to the Open5GCore and the 5MBS enhanced functions; which will deliver the content to an emulated RAN environment hosting virtual gNBs and devices. The results obtained reinforce the objective of the thesis, positioning point-to-multipoint as a scalable way to deliver live content.Research projects: 5G-Xcast: Broadcast and Multicast Communication Enablers for the Fifth-Generation of Wireless Systems (H2020 No 761498); 5G-TOURS: SmarT mObility, media and e-health for toURists and citizenS (H2020 No 856950); FUDGE-5G: FUlly DisinteGrated private nEtworks for 5G verticals (H2020 No 957242).Barjau Estevan, CS. (2022). Point-to-Multipoint Services on Fifth-Generation Mobile Networks [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/19140

JTIT

kwartalni