INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION SPECTRUM AND ITS? INCONSISTENT BUT COLORFUL INTERACTION WITH EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES: A CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS

Abstract The growing impact of artificial intelligence, covering themes such as disruption, regulatory, and reconfiguration of substantive, procedural, and enforcement mechanisms, can be felt through increasing inequality, exclusion, and discrimination in terms of access to the technology, data sets, and understanding of the workings and functioning of these everevolving, complex, and dynamic processes. The paper aims to elaborate on the evolution, impact, and disruption brought in by emerging technologies and how Arbitration as a dispute resolution mechanism is a cost saving, time-efficient, and resource-efficient process compared to other modes of resolving disputes. Varying types of technologies led by increased datafication, computing power, and machine learning capabilities have led to different kinds of economic activities halted, thereby leading to the need for reconfiguration of their governance and operation, and as is discussed in the paper, the various types of challenges arbitration process face in their implementation. This article debates multiple limitations associated with the self-executing nature of blockchain-based Arbitration and critiques them in this critique. In addition to the same several various related to the inclusion of electronic arbitration clauses will be discussed, such as definitional problems, issues associated with timely completion and presentation of evidence in the proceedings, ethical concerns related to automated arbitration clauses and proceedings, and in the light of these challenges, solutions evolved or in consideration, arbitral institutions such as ICC, IBA, UNCITRAL, and another regional mechanism in the situation of developments globally, shall be studied briefly. The article's conceptualisation is based on a comparative and analytical lens for studying, consolidating, and critiquing facets of technological innovations in international arbitration and resolving technological disputes through international arbitration to cover domestic and transboundary disputes. The final aim is to conclude, backed by legal developments and presentative viewpoints of various institutions, that negative perceptions of an artificial intelligence-based arbitration do not dominate general and wide recognition of technology resolving time, space, and saving factors associated with technological revolution

Architecting the Metaverse: Blockchain and the Financial and Legal Regulatory Challenges of Virtual Real Estate

There has been disagreement over the value of purchasing space in the metaverse, but many businesses including Nike, The Wendy’s Company, and McDonald’s have jumped in headfirst. While the metaverse land rush has been called an “illusion” given underdeveloped infrastructure, including inadequate software and servers, and the potential opportunities for economic and legal abuse, the “real estate of the future” shows no signs of slowing. While the current virtual space of the metaverse is worth $6.30 billion, that is expected to grow to$84.09 billion by the end of 2028. But the long-term legal and regulatory considerations of capitalizing on the investment, as well as the manner in which blockchain technology can secure users’ data and digital assets, has yet to be properly investigated. With the metaverse still in a conceptual phase, building a new 3D social environment capable of digital transactions will represent most of the initial investment in time in human capital. Digital twin technologies, already well-established in industry, will be ported to support the need to architect and furnish the new digital world. The return on and viability of investing in the “real estate of the future” raises questions fundamental to the success or failure of the enterprise. As such this paper proposes a novel framing of the issue and looks at the intersection where finance, technology, and law are converging to prevent another Dot-com bubble of the late 1990s in metaverse-based virtual real estate transactions. Furthermore, the paper will argue that these domains are technologically feasible, but the main challenges for commercial users remain in the legal and regulatory arenas. As has been the case with the emergence of online commerce, a legal assessment of the metaverse indicates that courts will look to traditional and established legal principles when addressing issues until the enactment of federal and/or state statutes and accompanying regulations. Lastly, whereas traditional regulation of real estate would involve property law, the current legal framing of ownership of metaverse assets is governed by contract law

Pioneering food safety:Blockchain's integration in supply chain surveillance

Ensuring food safety in a world facing escalating demand and complex supply chains is a pressing challenge. Despite increasing awareness, obstacles such as information distribution, financial limitations, and insufficient infrastructure impede food safety efforts. Blockchain technology presents a promising solution by improving transparency and traceability in supply chains, which are essential for tackling food safety issues. This study explores the integration of blockchain into food safety frameworks, emphasising its compatibility and potential to transform food production and distribution. Drawing on literature, it identifies key challenges to blockchain adoption, including regulatory frameworks and interoperability issues, and proposes strategies such as government intervention and standardisation to overcome them. Ultimately, blockchain holds immense promise in revolutionizing food safety practices, ensuring safe and nutritious food for all

Law Without Lawyers: Examining the Limitations of Consumer-Centric Legal Tech Services

The legal field is undergoing a disruptive change with the emergence of technology- based legal services aimed directly at serving the consumer, bypassing the need for a human lawyer. Specialized legal technologies powered by Artificial Intelligence (AI) or enabled by blockchain are leading to what is being referred to as new law, new ways of interpreting, implementing, and enforcing the law. Raymond Brescia has termed this transformative period in legal history as the third wave of lawyering. This wave is characterized by a new world of law without lawyers, comparable to the banking revolution, where mobile apps and online banking platforms replaced traditional tellers. There is an emergence of a legal ecosystem where conventional legal practices coexist alongside technology-driven legal services. These legal techs hold the promise of enhancing legal and justice inclusion by providing cheaper, more convenient, and more accessible legal services compared to traditional law firms and lawyers. This paper examines the emerging legal tech field, focusing on the business- to-consumer (B2C) category.B2C legal tech refers to tools designed to provide legal services and information directly to consumers without requiring the involvement of a human lawyer. This paper explores the factors driving these disruptive changes in legal services and evaluates some of the limitations of legal tech in meeting clients’ legal needs. The author concludes that B2C legal tech is gaining traction. However, the author avers that these technologies have limitations in fully meeting the needs of their users; therefore, lawyers still play an essential role in the legal ecosystem. As legal tech continues to gain traction, specific measures need to be implemented to address some of their limitations and ensure the seamless integration of these technologies into the legal field. This paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on the future of the legal profession in the era of technological advancement

Cyber Ethics 4.0 : Serving Humanity with Values

Cyber space influences all sectors of life and society: Artificial Intelligence, Robots, Blockchain, Self-Driving Cars and Autonomous Weapons, Cyberbullying, telemedicine and cyber health, new methods in food production, destruction and conservation of the environment, Big Data as a new religion, the role of education and citizens’ rights, the need for legal regulations and international conventions. The 25 articles in this book cover the wide range of hot topics. Authors from many countries and positions of international (UN) organisations look for solutions from an ethical perspective. Cyber Ethics aims to provide orientation on what is right and wrong, good and bad, related to the cyber space. The authors apply and modify fundamental values and virtues to specific, new challenges arising from cyber technology and cyber society. The book serves as reading material for teachers, students, policy makers, politicians, businesses, hospitals, NGOs and religious organisations alike. It is an invitation for dialogue, debate and solution

Regulation of Artificial Intelligence in Selected Jurisdictions

Comparative Summary This report examines the emerging regulatory and policy landscape surrounding artificial intelligence (AI) in jurisdictions around the world and in the European Union (EU). In addition, a survey of international organizations describes the approach that United Nations (UN) agencies and regional organizations have taken towards AI. As the regulation of AI is still in its infancy, guidelines, ethics codes, and actions by and statements from governments and their agencies on AI are also addressed. While the country surveys look at various legal issues, including data protection and privacy, transparency, human oversight, surveillance, public administration and services, autonomous vehicles, and lethal autonomous weapons systems, the most advanced regulations were found in the area of autonomous vehicles, in particular for the testing of such vehicles. The Oxford Dictionary defines AI as “the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages.” The majority of surveyed jurisdictions see AI in a positive light and aspire to become leaders in the field. Many countries have therefore developed or are in the process of developing national AI or digital strategies and action plans. Canada was the first country to launch such a national AI strategy in 2017. The strategies and action plans highlight, among others things, the need to develop ethical and legal frameworks to ensure that AI is developed and applied based on the country’s values and fundamental rights. Many countries have established specific commissions to look into these issues. However, with the exception of the EU, no jurisdiction has yet published such specific ethical or legal frameworks for AI. In December 2018, an expert group of the European Commission released draft AI ethics guidelines that set out a framework for designing trustworthy AI. South Korea in 2008 enacted a general law on the “intelligent robot industry” that, among other things, authorized the government to enact and promulgate a charter on intelligent robot ethics. However, it appears that no such charter has yet been enacted. Some countries have taken the first steps to use AI in the area of justice. In Portugal, a legal assistance tool will be launched that conducts research on the requests made and learns from them. In the future, it might be used to predict the probability of success of a judicial process. Likewise, in France the Courts of Appeals of Rennes and Douai tested predictive justice software on various appeals cases in 2017. Many of the surveyed countries are contracting parties to the 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, an international agreement with the objective to “facilitate international road traffic and to increase road safety through the adoption of uniform traffic rules.” A 2016 amendment to the Convention on Road Traffic removed legal obstacles for the contracting parties to allow transferring driving tasks to automated technologies. Countries that have enacted regulations to allow for the testing of autonomous vehicles on public roads generally require that a human driver be present in the car who can take over the driving functions if necessary. As an exception, the Netherlands and Lithuania have passed legislation that allows the experimental use of self-driving vehicles without a human driver present in the car on public roads. Israel passed a regulation and a directive for experimentation in autonomous vehicles. Authorization to conduct experiments in autonomous vehicles requires, among others, a review by a professional committee. Spain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates authorize the testing without a human driver present on a case-by-case basis, but have not enacted specific legislation. New Zealand, unlike other countries, has no specific legal requirement for vehicles to have drivers. However, the government has not received any formal requests to test autonomous vehicles on public roads. In Singapore and the Province of Ontario, Canada, it is up to the discretion of the responsible authority to approve driverless testing. Other testing requirements for autonomous vehicles may include insurance, the transmission of certain data to the government, or accident recorders in the vehicle. Finland allows the testing of autonomous vehicles, but one political party has suggested forbidding nonautonomous vehicles as a long-term goal. With regard to lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS), countries regularly meet in the Governmental Group of Experts (GGE) of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) to discuss the applicability of international humanitarian law norms to LAWS. The majority of countries agree that meaningful human control is necessary for LAWS. Countries either support the adoption of a new, legally-binding treaty to ban the use of LAWS; support the adoption of a political declaration as a middle ground to develop a shared understanding of the challenges posed by LAWS; oppose the adoption of a treaty as basic principles remain ill-defined; or think that no action is necessary at this point. The following visuals give an overview of the different positions and actions that countries have taken with regard to national AI strategies and actions plans, autonomous vehicles, and LAWS

A Comprehensive Review on Blockchain Technology in Healthcare System

Blockchain technology is a transformative force with far-reaching implications in various professional sectors, including healthcare. This technology is characterized by its continuous evolution, fostering trust and information security across geographical distances through a linked series of data blocks. In recent years, the surge in blockchain adoption has spurred extensive research and innovation, particularly in healthcare applications. This survey offers a comprehensive examination of emerging blockchain-based healthcare technologies and their associated applications. It delves into key research areas within this rapidly growing field, providing detailed insights. Moreover, it underscores the potential of blockchain technology to revolutionize the healthcare industry by enhancing data security, fostering transparency, and enabling innovative solutions