142,723 research outputs found
Heterogeneity in the Effect of Common Shocks on Healthcare Expenditure Growth
Health care expenditure growth is affected by important unobserved common shocks such as technological innovation, changes in sociological factors, shifts in preferences and the epidemiology of diseases. While common factors impact in principle all countries, their effect is likely to differ across countries. To allow for unobserved heterogeneity in the effects of common shocks, we estimate a panel data model of health care expenditure growth in 34 OECD countries over the years 1980 to 2012 where the usual fixed or random effects are replaced by a multifactor error structure. We address model uncertainty with Bayesian Model Averaging, to identify a small set of important expenditure drivers from 43 potential candidates. We establish 16 significant drivers of healthcare expenditure growth, including growth in GDP per capita and in insurance premiums, changes in financing arrangements and some institutional characteristics, expenditures on pharmaceuticals, population aging, costs of health administration, and inpatient care. Our approach allows us to derive estimates that are less subject to bias than in previous analyses, and provide robust evidence to policy makers on the drivers that were most strongly associated with the growth in health care expenditures over the past 32 years
CaloriNet: From silhouettes to calorie estimation in private environments
We propose a novel deep fusion architecture, CaloriNet, for the online
estimation of energy expenditure for free living monitoring in private
environments, where RGB data is discarded and replaced by silhouettes. Our
fused convolutional neural network architecture is trainable end-to-end, to
estimate calorie expenditure, using temporal foreground silhouettes alongside
accelerometer data. The network is trained and cross-validated on a publicly
available dataset, SPHERE_RGBD + Inertial_calorie. Results show
state-of-the-art minimum error on the estimation of energy expenditure
(calories per minute), outperforming alternative, standard and single-modal
techniques.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figure
Faculty Research in Progress, 2018-2019
The production of scholarly research continues to be one of the primary missions of the ILR School. During a typical academic year, ILR faculty members published or had accepted for publication over 25 books, edited volumes, and monographs, 170 articles and chapters in edited volumes, numerous book reviews. In addition, a large number of manuscripts were submitted for publication, presented at professional association meetings, or circulated in working paper form. Our faculty\u27s research continues to find its way into the very best industrial relations, social science and statistics journal
Mobile Quantification and Therapy Course Tracking for Gait Rehabilitation
This paper presents a novel autonomous quality metric to quantify the
rehabilitations progress of subjects with knee/hip operations. The presented
method supports digital analysis of human gait patterns using smartphones. The
algorithm related to the autonomous metric utilizes calibrated acceleration,
gyroscope and magnetometer signals from seven Inertial Measurement Unit
attached on the lower body in order to classify and generate the grading system
values. The developed Android application connects the seven Inertial
Measurement Units via Bluetooth and performs the data acquisition and
processing in real-time. In total nine features per acceleration direction and
lower body joint angle are calculated and extracted in real-time to achieve a
fast feedback to the user. We compare the classification accuracy and
quantification capabilities of Linear Discriminant Analysis, Principal
Component Analysis and Naive Bayes algorithms. The presented system is able to
classify patients and control subjects with an accuracy of up to 100\%. The
outcomes can be saved on the device or transmitted to treating physicians for
later control of the subject's improvements and the efficiency of physiotherapy
treatments in motor rehabilitation. The proposed autonomous quality metric
solution bears great potential to be used and deployed to support digital
healthcare and therapy.Comment: 5 Page
Application of Fractal Dimension for Quantifying Noise Texture in Computed Tomography Images
Purpose
Evaluation of noise texture information in CT images is important for assessing image quality. Noise texture is often quantified by the noise power spectrum (NPS), which requires numerous image realizations to estimate. This study evaluated fractal dimension for quantifying noise texture as a scalar metric that can potentially be estimated using one image realization. Methods
The American College of Radiology CT accreditation phantom (ACR) was scanned on a clinical scanner (Discovery CT750, GE Healthcare) at 120 kV and 25 and 90 mAs. Images were reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP/ASIR 0%) with varying reconstruction kernels: Soft, Standard, Detail, Chest, Lung, Bone, and Edge. For each kernel, images were also reconstructed using ASIR 50% and ASIR 100% iterative reconstruction (IR) methods. Fractal dimension was estimated using the differential boxâcounting algorithm applied to images of the uniform section of ACR phantom. The twoâdimensional Noise Power Spectrum (NPS) and oneâdimensionalâradially averaged NPS were estimated using established techniques. By changing the radiation dose, the effect of noise magnitude on fractal dimension was evaluated. The Spearman correlation between the fractal dimension and the frequency of the NPS peak was calculated. The number of images required to reliably estimate fractal dimension was determined and compared to the number of images required to estimate the NPSâpeak frequency. The effect of Region of Interest (ROI) size on fractal dimension estimation was evaluated. Feasibility of estimating fractal dimension in an anthropomorphic phantom and clinical image was also investigated, with the resulting fractal dimension compared to that estimated within the uniform section of the ACR phantom. Results
Fractal dimension was strongly correlated with the frequency of the peak of the radially averaged NPS curve, having a Spearman rankâorder coefficient of 0.98 (Pâvalue \u3c 0.01) for ASIR 0%. The mean fractal dimension at ASIR 0% was 2.49 (Soft), 2.51 (Standard), 2.52 (Detail), 2.57 (Chest), 2.61 (Lung), 2.66 (Bone), and 2.7 (Edge). A reduction in fractal dimension was observed with increasing ASIR levels for all investigated reconstruction kernels. Fractal dimension was found to be independent of noise magnitude. Fractal dimension was successfully estimated from four ROIs of size 64 Ă 64 pixels or one ROI of 128 Ă 128 pixels. Fractal dimension was found to be sensitive to nonânoise structures in the image, such as ring artifacts and anatomical structure. Fractal dimension estimated within a uniform region of an anthropomorphic phantom and clinical head image matched that estimated within the ACR phantom for filtered back projection reconstruction. Conclusions
Fractal dimension correlated with the NPSâpeak frequency and was independent of noise magnitude, suggesting that the scalar metric of fractal dimension can be used to quantify the change in noise texture across reconstruction approaches. Results demonstrated that fractal dimension can be estimated from four, 64 Ă 64âpixel ROIs or one 128 Ă 128 ROI within a head CT image, which may make it amenable for quantifying noise texture within clinical images
ECONOMETRIC MODELING OF ROMANIAâS PUBLIC HEALTHCARE EXPENSES â COUNTY PANEL STUDY
The purpose of our paper is to analyze the per capita public healthcare expenditure ofRomania in relation to different exogenous explanatory variables, through a panel study upon theforty one regions plus the capital city. The results of the four year panel study have been interpretedand commented. Our regional public healthcare expenditure is explicated to a great extent by theregional GDP. Other strong correlation variables were not found statistically significant.public healthcare expenditure, panel data, correlation, fixed effects model.
Community knowledge variation, bed-net coverage, the role of a district health care system and their implications for malaria control in Southern Malawi
This paper presents data on the pattern of knowledge of caregivers, bed-net coverage and the role of a rural district healthcare system, and their implications for malaria transmission, treatment, prevention and control in Chikhwawa, southern Malawi, using multi-level logistic regression modelling with Bayesian estimation. The majority of caregivers could identify the main symptoms of malaria, that the mosquito was the vector, and that insecticide-treated nets (ITN) could be used to cover beds as an effective preventative measure, although cost was a prohibitive factor. Use of bed nets displayed significant variation between communities. Groups that were more knowledgeable on malaria prevention and symptoms included young mothers, people who had attended school, wealthy individuals, those residing closest to government hospitals and health posts, and communities that had access to a health surveillance assistant (HSA). HSAs should be trained on malaria intervention programmes, and tasked with the responsibility of working with village health committees to develop community-based malaria intervention programmes. These programmes should include appropriate and affordable household improvement methods, identification of high-risk groups, distribution of ITNs and the incorporation of larval control measures, to reduce exposure to the vector and parasite. This would reduce the transmission and prevalence of malaria at community level
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