Statistical parsing of morphologically rich languages (SPMRL): what, how and whither

The term Morphologically Rich Languages (MRLs) refers to languages in which significant information concerning syntactic units and relations is expressed at word-level. There is ample evidence that the application of readily available statistical parsing models to such languages is susceptible to serious performance degradation. The first workshop on statistical parsing of MRLs hosts a variety of contributions which show that despite language-specific idiosyncrasies, the problems associated with parsing MRLs cut across languages and parsing frameworks. In this paper we review the current state-of-affairs with respect to parsing MRLs and point out central challenges. We synthesize the contributions of researchers working on parsing Arabic, Basque, French, German, Hebrew, Hindi and Korean to point out shared solutions across languages. The overarching analysis suggests itself as a source of directions for future investigations

Minimizing dependencies across languages and speakers. Evidence from basque, polish and spanish and native and non-native bilinguals.

223 p.Within the last years, evidence for a general preference towards grammars reducing the linear distance between elements in a dependency has been accumulating (e. g., Futrell, Mahowald, and Gibson, 2015b; Gildea and Temperley, 2010). This cognitive bias towards dependency length minimization has been argued to result from communicative and cognitive pressures at play during language production. Although corpus evidence supporting this claim is quite broad insofar as grammaticalized structures are concerned (e. g., Futrell et al., 2015b; Liu, 2008; Temperley, 2007, among others), its validity rests on more shaky foundations regarding production preferences (Stallings, MacDonald, and O¿Seaghdha, 1998; Wasow, 1997; Yamashita and Chang, 2001, among others). This dissertation intends to address this gap. It examines whether dependency length minimization is an active mechanism shaping language production preferences, and explores the specific nature of this principle and its interplay with linguistic specifications and architectural properties of the human memory system. In a series of 5 cued-recall production experiments and 2 complex memory span tasks, I investigate the effect of dependency length in modulating production preferences across languages with differing grammatical properties (e.g., head-position and case marking) and across speakers (e. g., natives and non-natives and with variable working memory capacity). I begin by showing that the preference for short dependencies is better accounted by a general cognitive preference for minimizing the distance across dependents than by conceptual availability. I then show how languages as diverse as Basque, Spanish and Polish tend to choose the communicatively more efficient structures, when there is more than one available alternative to express the same meaning. Crucially, I confirm that there is consistent variation regarding this tendency both across languages and across speakers. I argue that language-specific (e. g., pluripersonal agreement) and general cognitive mechanisms (e. g., word order based-expectations) interact with the preference towards dependency length minimization. Also, I show that the degree of communicative efficiency achieved by highly proficient and early non-native bilingual speakers is lower than that reached by their native peers. Finally, I find that the bias towards shifted orders that yield shorter dependencies correlates positively with working memory. Based on these findings, I conclude that there is strong evidence supporting the claim that dependency length minimization is a pervasive force in human language production, resulting from a general cognitive constraint towards efficient communication, and also that its strength varies depending on grammatical and individual specifications compatible with information-theoretic considerations

Minimizing dependencies across languages and speakers. Evidence from basque, polish and spanish and native and non-native bilinguals.

223 p.Within the last years, evidence for a general preference towards grammars reducing the linear distance between elements in a dependency has been accumulating (e. g., Futrell, Mahowald, and Gibson, 2015b; Gildea and Temperley, 2010). This cognitive bias towards dependency length minimization has been argued to result from communicative and cognitive pressures at play during language production. Although corpus evidence supporting this claim is quite broad insofar as grammaticalized structures are concerned (e. g., Futrell et al., 2015b; Liu, 2008; Temperley, 2007, among others), its validity rests on more shaky foundations regarding production preferences (Stallings, MacDonald, and O¿Seaghdha, 1998; Wasow, 1997; Yamashita and Chang, 2001, among others). This dissertation intends to address this gap. It examines whether dependency length minimization is an active mechanism shaping language production preferences, and explores the specific nature of this principle and its interplay with linguistic specifications and architectural properties of the human memory system. In a series of 5 cued-recall production experiments and 2 complex memory span tasks, I investigate the effect of dependency length in modulating production preferences across languages with differing grammatical properties (e.g., head-position and case marking) and across speakers (e. g., natives and non-natives and with variable working memory capacity). I begin by showing that the preference for short dependencies is better accounted by a general cognitive preference for minimizing the distance across dependents than by conceptual availability. I then show how languages as diverse as Basque, Spanish and Polish tend to choose the communicatively more efficient structures, when there is more than one available alternative to express the same meaning. Crucially, I confirm that there is consistent variation regarding this tendency both across languages and across speakers. I argue that language-specific (e. g., pluripersonal agreement) and general cognitive mechanisms (e. g., word order based-expectations) interact with the preference towards dependency length minimization. Also, I show that the degree of communicative efficiency achieved by highly proficient and early non-native bilingual speakers is lower than that reached by their native peers. Finally, I find that the bias towards shifted orders that yield shorter dependencies correlates positively with working memory. Based on these findings, I conclude that there is strong evidence supporting the claim that dependency length minimization is a pervasive force in human language production, resulting from a general cognitive constraint towards efficient communication, and also that its strength varies depending on grammatical and individual specifications compatible with information-theoretic considerations

A Joint Matrix Factorization Analysis of Multilingual Representations

We present an analysis tool based on joint matrix factorization for comparing latent representations of multilingual and monolingual models. An alternative to probing, this tool allows us to analyze multiple sets of representations in a joint manner. Using this tool, we study to what extent and how morphosyntactic features are reflected in the representations learned by multilingual pre-trained models. We conduct a large-scale empirical study of over 33 languages and 17 morphosyntactic categories. Our findings demonstrate variations in the encoding of morphosyntactic information across upper and lower layers, with category-specific differences influenced by language properties. Hierarchical clustering of the factorization outputs yields a tree structure that is related to phylogenetic trees manually crafted by linguists. Moreover, we find the factorization outputs exhibit strong associations with performance observed across different cross-lingual tasks. We release our code to facilitate future research.Comment: Accepted to Findings of EMNLP 202

Machine learning for ancient languages: a survey

Ancient languages preserve the cultures and histories of the past. However, their study is fraught with difficulties, and experts must tackle a range of challenging text-based tasks, from deciphering lost languages to restoring damaged inscriptions, to determining the authorship of works of literature. Technological aids have long supported the study of ancient texts, but in recent years advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning have enabled analyses on a scale and in a detail that are reshaping the field of humanities, similarly to how microscopes and telescopes have contributed to the realm of science. This article aims to provide a comprehensive survey of published research using machine learning for the study of ancient texts written in any language, script, and medium, spanning over three and a half millennia of civilizations around the ancient world. To analyze the relevant literature, we introduce a taxonomy of tasks inspired by the steps involved in the study of ancient documents: digitization, restoration, attribution, linguistic analysis, textual criticism, translation, and decipherment. This work offers three major contributions: first, mapping the interdisciplinary field carved out by the synergy between the humanities and machine learning; second, highlighting how active collaboration between specialists from both fields is key to producing impactful and compelling scholarship; third, highlighting promising directions for future work in this field. Thus, this work promotes and supports the continued collaborative impetus between the humanities and machine learning

One HRM fits all? A meta-analysis of the effects of HRM practices in the public, semi-public and private sector

For a long time, public and semipublic organizations have borrowed Human Resource Management (HRM) practices from the private sector to enhance employee performance. Numerous scholars argue, however, that business-like practices are less effective outside the private sector context because of sector-specific conditions. Based on the ability–motivation–opportunity model, we performed a three-level meta-analysis to investigate differences in effects of HRM practices on individual performance across sectors. Our study shows that significant differences exist between sectors, but the expectation that the effects of HRM practices are largest in the private sector and smallest in the public sector is not supported. More specifically, the differences between the public, semipublic, and private sector are not straightforward. In this respect, we encourage future scholars to further examine these differences

South Korea's Economy-Security Strategy amidst the U.S.-China Rivalry 2008-2021

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제협력전공), 2023. 2. 신성호.Economic statecraft has returned to the fore. Defined as the use of economic instruments to pursue foreign policy objectives, economic statecraft has become a core feature in todays geopolitics. Reflecting such trends, scholarly attention has been redirected to economic statecraft in recent years. What is generally lacking from such literature, however, is research on middle powers use of economic statecraft. This is unfortunate, as increasing multipolarity and interconnectivity has allowed middle powers to exert a greater impact on international structures and politics—their relatively limited economic resources notwithstanding. Such increasing importance placed on middle powers roles merits the following question: How do middle powers wield economic statecraft? In answering this question, this paper sets three hypotheses, based on extant literature on middle power diplomacy: Middle powers will favor positive inducements over negative sanctions; middle powers economic statecraft will reflect international norms and values; and middle powers will exhibit bridging and coalition-building behavior in their economic statecraft. The paper then tests the above hypotheses, conducting a survey of South Koreas economic statecraft from 2008 to 2021. This paper thus aims not only to observe, as an empirical matter, the various roles economic statecraft have played in Koreas security policies, but also to theorize a middle power economic statecraft.경제책략 (Economic Statecraft)이란, 경제적 수단을 통해 외교안보 목적의 달성을 말한다. 국가 간 상호 연결성이 깊어지고 국제정세의 불확실성이 심화되면서, 경제책략은 현대 국제정치의 빠질 수 없는 요소가 되었다. 미국의 공급망 재편 전략이나, 중국의 일대일로 정책 등과 같이, 경제책략은 미중 경쟁의 맥락에서 주로 언급되곤 한다. 이렇듯 경제책략에 대한 지금까지의 연구는 이 같은 강대국 위주의 연구가 주를 이루곤 하였다. 그러나 이론적으로나 경험적으로나, 강대국이 아니라고 해서 경제책략을 행사하지 못한다는 근거는 없다. 단지 그 효과에 있어서 차별성이 있을 뿐이지, 중견국 역시 경제적 수단을 통해 외교안보 목적의 달성을 시도할 수 있다. 실제로, 최근 행사되는 경제책략의 각종 이면을 보면, 강대국이 아닌 국가들끼리 이행되는 경우가 다반사다. 문제는 학술적 논의는 이런 현실을 반영하지 못한다는 점이다. 따라서 본 연구는 중견국은 어떻게 경제책략을 행사하는가?라는 질문에 대한 답을 구하고자 한다. 이를 위해 한국의 사례를 분석한다. 2008년부터 2021년까지 한국이 사용한 각종 경제적 수단, 그리고 이를 통해 달성하고자 한 외교안보 목적을 살펴본다. 이때, 중견국 외교 이론을 기반으로 중견국의 경제책략 행사에 있어서 세 가지 이론적 예측을 시험한다: 1) 중견국들은 긍정적인 경제 유인책을 선호할 것이며; 2) 경제 책략을 국제규범 및 가치를 수호를 위해 사용할 것이고; 3) 타국가와의 중개 및 연합 형성을 추진하는 경향을 보일 것이다. 한국의 사례를 살핌으로서 본 연구는 중견국이 경제 책략을 행사하는 방식에 있어 이론 화 가능한 패턴을 도출하고자 한다Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1. Research Background 1 2. Research Question and Objectives 3 Chapter 2. Literature Review . 6 1. Linking Security and Economy: Economic Statecraft 6 2. Middle Power Diplomacy 15 3. Gaps in Literature 22 Chapter 3. Theoretical Framework and Methodology 25 1. The "What": Means-Ends Analysis for Economic Statecraft 25 2. The "How": Predictions Based on Middle Power Theory. 28 3. Methodology. 31 4. Rationales 33 Chapter 4. Korea's Economic Statecraft 2008-2016 36 1. The Security Environment 36 a. The beginnings of the U.S.-China Rivalry b. Nontraditional Security Threats c. The Asia Paradox 2. Korea's Security Objectives. 43 a. Global Leadership b. Strengthening Ties with Great Powers c. Regional Cooperation 3. Korea's Economic Statecraft 53 a. Official Development Assistance b. Bilateral Trade Arrangements c. Multilateral Economic Engagement Initiatives Chapter 5. Korea's Economic Statecraft 2017-2021 62 1. The Security Environment 62 a. The Escalation of the U.S.-China Rivalry b. Regional Tensions and Weaponized Interdependence c. Korea as a Strong Middle Power 2. Korea's Security Objectives. 71 a. Consolidating Global Leadership b. Diversifying Diplomatic Relations c. Strengthening Ties with Great Powers 3. Korea's Economic Statecraft 76 a. Official Development Assistance b. Trade Arrangements c. Multilateral Economic Engagement Initiatives Chapter 6. The "Middle Power-ness of Korea's Economic Statecraft 99 Chapter 7. Conclusion 107 Bibliography 109 Abstract in Korean 126석