Spectral Efficiency Analysis of Multi-Cell Massive MIMO Systems with Ricean Fading

This paper investigates the spectral efficiency of multi-cell massive multiple-input multiple-output systems with Ricean fading that utilize the linear maximal-ratio combining detector. We firstly present closed-form expressions for the effective signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) with the least squares and minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimation methods, respectively, which apply for any number of base-station antennas $M$ and any Ricean $K$-factor. Also, the obtained results can be particularized in Rayleigh fading conditions when the Ricean $K$-factor is equal to zero. In the following, novel exact asymptotic expressions of the effective SINR are derived in the high $M$ and high Ricean $K$-factor regimes. The corresponding analysis shows that pilot contamination is removed by the MMSE estimator when we consider both infinite $M$ and infinite Ricean $K$-factor, while the pilot contamination phenomenon persists for the rest of cases. All the theoretical results are verified via Monte-Carlo simulations.Comment: 15 pages, 2 figures, the tenth International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP 2018), to appea

Uplink Analysis of Large MU-MIMO Systems With Space-Constrained Arrays in Ricean Fading

Closed-form approximations to the expected per-terminal signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) and ergodic sum spectral efficiency of a large multiuser multiple-input multiple-output system are presented. Our analysis assumes correlated Ricean fading with maximum ratio combining on the uplink, where the base station (BS) is equipped with a uniform linear array (ULA) with physical size restrictions. Unlike previous studies, our model caters for the presence of unequal correlation matrices and unequal Rice factors for each terminal. As the number of BS antennas grows without bound, with a finite number of terminals, we derive the limiting expected per-terminal SINR and ergodic sum spectral efficiency of the system. Our findings suggest that with restrictions on the size of the ULA, the expected SINR saturates with increasing operating signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) and BS antennas. Whilst unequal correlation matrices result in higher performance, the presence of strong line-of-sight (LoS) has an opposite effect. Our analysis accommodates changes in system dimensions, SNR, LoS levels, spatial correlation levels and variations in fixed physical spacings of the BS array.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in the proceedings of IEEE ICC, to be held in Paris, France, May 201

Power Scaling of Uplink Massive MIMO Systems with Arbitrary-Rank Channel Means

This paper investigates the uplink achievable rates of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems in Ricean fading channels, using maximal-ratio combining (MRC) and zero-forcing (ZF) receivers, assuming perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI). In contrast to previous relevant works, the fast fading MIMO channel matrix is assumed to have an arbitrary-rank deterministic component as well as a Rayleigh-distributed random component. We derive tractable expressions for the achievable uplink rate in the large-antenna limit, along with approximating results that hold for any finite number of antennas. Based on these analytical results, we obtain the scaling law that the users' transmit power should satisfy, while maintaining a desirable quality of service. In particular, it is found that regardless of the Ricean $K$-factor, in the case of perfect CSI, the approximations converge to the same constant value as the exact results, as the number of base station antennas, $M$, grows large, while the transmit power of each user can be scaled down proportionally to $1/M$. If CSI is estimated with uncertainty, the same result holds true but only when the Ricean $K$-factor is non-zero. Otherwise, if the channel experiences Rayleigh fading, we can only cut the transmit power of each user proportionally to $1/\sqrt M$. In addition, we show that with an increasing Ricean $K$-factor, the uplink rates will converge to fixed values for both MRC and ZF receivers

Exact ZF Analysis and Computer-Algebra-Aided Evaluation in Rank-1 LoS Rician Fading

We study zero-forcing detection (ZF) for multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) spatial multiplexing under transmit-correlated Rician fading for an N_R X N_T channel matrix with rank-1 line-of-sight (LoS) component. By using matrix transformations and multivariate statistics, our exact analysis yields the signal-to-noise ratio moment generating function (m.g.f.) as an infinite series of gamma distribution m.g.f.'s and analogous series for ZF performance measures, e.g., outage probability and ergodic capacity. However, their numerical convergence is inherently problematic with increasing Rician K-factor, N_R , and N_T. We circumvent this limitation as follows. First, we derive differential equations satisfied by the performance measures with a novel automated approach employing a computer-algebra tool which implements Groebner basis computation and creative telescoping. These differential equations are then solved with the holonomic gradient method (HGM) from initial conditions computed with the infinite series. We demonstrate that HGM yields more reliable performance evaluation than by infinite series alone and more expeditious than by simulation, for realistic values of K , and even for N_R and N_T relevant to large MIMO systems. We envision extending the proposed approaches for exact analysis and reliable evaluation to more general Rician fading and other transceiver methods.Comment: Accepted for publication by the IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, on April 7th, 2016; this is the final revision before publicatio

A Simple Cooperative Diversity Method Based on Network Path Selection

Cooperative diversity has been recently proposed as a way to form virtual antenna arrays that provide dramatic gains in slow fading wireless environments. However most of the proposed solutions require distributed space-time coding algorithms, the careful design of which is left for future investigation if there is more than one cooperative relay. We propose a novel scheme, that alleviates these problems and provides diversity gains on the order of the number of relays in the network. Our scheme first selects the best relay from a set of M available relays and then uses this best relay for cooperation between the source and the destination. We develop and analyze a distributed method to select the best relay that requires no topology information and is based on local measurements of the instantaneous channel conditions. This method also requires no explicit communication among the relays. The success (or failure) to select the best available path depends on the statistics of the wireless channel, and a methodology to evaluate performance for any kind of wireless channel statistics, is provided. Information theoretic analysis of outage probability shows that our scheme achieves the same diversity-multiplexing tradeoff as achieved by more complex protocols, where coordination and distributed space-time coding for M nodes is required, such as those proposed in [7]. The simplicity of the technique, allows for immediate implementation in existing radio hardware and its adoption could provide for improved flexibility, reliability and efficiency in future 4G wireless systems.Comment: To appear, IEEE JSAC, special issue on 4

Achievable Rate of Rician Large-Scale MIMO Channels with Transceiver Hardware Impairments

Transceiver hardware impairments (e.g., phase noise, in-phase/quadrature-phase (I/Q) imbalance, amplifier non-linearities, and quantization errors) have obvious degradation effects on the performance of wireless communications. While prior works have improved our knowledge on the influence of hardware impairments of single-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems over Rayleigh fading channels, an analysis encompassing the Rician fading channel is not yet available. In this paper, we pursue a detailed analysis of regular and large-scale (LS) MIMO systems over Rician fading channels by deriving new, closed-form expressions for the achievable rate to provide several important insights for practical system design. More specifically, for regular MIMO systems with hardware impairments, there is always a finite achievable rate ceiling, which is irrespective of the transmit power and fading conditions. For LS-MIMO systems, it is interesting to find that the achievable rate loss depends on the Rician $K$-factor, which reveals that the favorable propagation in LS-MIMO systems can remove the influence of hardware impairments. However, we show that the non-ideal LS-MIMO system can still achieve high spectral efficiency due to its huge degrees of freedom.Comment: 7 pages, 1 table, 3 figures, accepted to appear in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technolog