Energy Management in Wireless Sensor Network Using PEGASIS

AbstractThe area of Wireless Sensor Network is one of the fastest growing fields in the communication and engineering world. The main objective of WSN is to sense the crucial information from the environment depending on the type of application for which it is deployed and send this information to its Base Station(BS) so that it can take corrective action. These Sensor Nodes ommunicate with each other through various protocols. The problem of the conventional method is, during gathering of sensed data each node transmits its sensed data directly to the base station for which it will deplete its power quickly. In this project, we propose PEGASIS(Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information System),a near optimal chain-based protocol for extending the lifetime of network. In PEGASIS, each node communicates only with a close neighbour, performing a chain, elect a leader from the chain who collects the data from the neighbours to be transmitted to the base station. As a result the average energy spend by each node per round is reduced and to lower the bandwidth requirement. By using certain algorithm we can propose the shortest path of transmission of data to the base station. As a result less power consumption can be achieved to increase efficiency and life time of the network

Energy Management in Wireless Sensor Network Operations

In this dissertation, we develop and analyze effective energy management policies for wireless sensor networks in emerging applications. Existing methods in this area have primarily focused on energy conservation through the use of various communication techniques. However, in most applications of wireless sensor networks, savings in energy come at the expense of several performance parameters. Therefore it is necessary to manage energy consumption while being conscious of its effects on performance. In most cases, such energy-performance issues are specific to the nature of the application. Our research has been motivated by new techniques and applications where efficient energy-performance trade-off decisions are required. We primarily study the following trade-off cases: energy and node replacement costs (Case I), energy and delay (Case II), and energy and availability (Case III). We consider these trade-off situations separately in three distinct problem scenarios. In the first problem (Case I), we consider minimizing energy and node replacement costs in underwater wireless sensor networks for seismic monitoring application. In this case, we introduce mixed-integer programming (MIP) formulations based on a combined routing and node replacement policy approach and develop effective policies for large problem instances where our MIP models are intractable. In the second problem (Case II), we develop a Markov decision process (MDP) model to manage energy-delay trade-off in network coding which is a new energy-saving technique for wireless networks. Here we derive properties of the optimal policy and develop in- sights into other simple policies that are later shown to be efficient in particular situations. In the third problem (Case III), we consider an autonomous energy harvesting sensor network where nodes are turned off from time to time to operate in an “energy-neutral” manner. In this case, we use stochastic fluid-flow analysis to evaluate and analyze the availability of the sensor nodes under effective energy management policies. In each of the above problem cases, we develop analytical formulations, and derive and/or analyze policies that effectively manage the considered energy-performance trade-off. Overall, our analyses and solution methods make new contributions to both operations research and communication networking literature

A Review of Cluster Head Selection Schemes in Wireless Sensor Network for Energy Efficient Routing Protocol

Energy management in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has attracted much concern due to the fact that the sensors are battery powered, and are usually deployed in hostile and inaccessible environments. With data transmission being the most energy consuming process in the network, several routing protocols based on clustering have been developed for energy efficient data transmission. The challenge of the clustering process in these protocols is the selection of Cluster Heads (CHs). This is due to the use of resource blind random generated number, high cost of network overhead, non-consideration of nodes’ residual energy, and/or location to ensure even distribution of CHs. This paper reviewed energy efficient cluster based routing protocols for WSN and proposed better approaches to mitigate these problems in order to improve network stability and lifetime

Adaptive Cluster Head Selection Scheme for High Mobility Based IEEE 802.15.6 Wireless Body Area Networks

open access articleDue to the development in the field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), its major application, Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) has presently become a major area of interest for the developers and researchers. Efficient sensor nodes data collection is the key feature of any effective wireless body area network. Prioritizing nodes and cluster head selection schemes plays an important role in WBAN. Human body exhibits postural mobility which affects distances and connections between different sensor nodes. In this context, we propose maximum consensus based cluster head selection scheme, which allows cluster head selection by using Link State. Nodal priority through transmission power is also introduced to make WBAN more effective. This scheme results in reduced mean power consumption and also reduces network delay. A comparison with IEEE 802.15.6 based CSMA/CA protocol with different locations of cluster head is presented in this paper. These results show that our proposed scheme outperforms Random Cluster head selection, Fixed Cluster head at head, Foot and Belly positions in terms of mean power consumption, network delay, network throughput and bandwidth efficiency

Energy Storage Reservoir Management System For Wsn With Solar Harvesting

Most of the study in managing power on wireless sensor network node (WSN) is mainly on how to minimize current of the sensor node by using different types of algorithm applied to the radio transmission technique and on how to minimize power consumed by the sensing elements without affecting the accuracy of the data collected. Other research applied algorithm on radio transmission technique are by turning off the radio whenever possible to obtain energy savings. In other hand the sensoring element chosen must be very low energy consumed. The approach taken in this thesis is slightly different compared to other studies. The approach is to focus on the energy storage reservoir. Technically a parallel combination between two different types of energy storage chosen are the rechargeable lithium ion battery and supercapacitor. Supercapacitor are connected in series by using a simple cell balancer, a current regulator is created to give a balance charge and discharge current and charge voltage between the two series. Pulse load which is WSN radio will be supplied by supercapacitor since the capability of supercapacitor in handling pulse current faster due to the ability of faster charged and discharge characteristic giving a more balanced charge and discharge of the battery. The approach here is to create an on/off charging environment, giving the combination of energy storage device (ESD) time to being charged from solar panel through available charger without disturbance from the load. The on/off control from the timer is also used to control the power flow from the ESD, for power enhancement, and to deliver the power to the load efficiently. This improves the battery usage time and WSN nodes operation times. Experiments taken under four different approaches, the first one is control using the initial condition of the load without energy management and three designs with energy managements. The experimental results show that with the combination of on/off technique and the hybrid ( battery and supercapacitor) can achieve much longer runtime for the WSN node. The hybrid are built with one lithium ion battery and six 10F supercapacitor. The supercapacitor is connected two in series in three parallel combination giving total of 15F capacitance. An improvement of 160 % of the operating time for the WSN node is observed. The design presented in this research can be scaled to larger or smaller power capacities for a variety of other applications

To Proposed a Novel Technique to Remove Effective Collision by Clock Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Network

In wireless communication system, group of nodes forms wireless sensor network (WSN). During communication these nodes makes a suitable path for transferring the information. Size of WSN depends on the type and quality of service, the service coverage area, and the scalability of the service. Data centric, hierarchical routing and location based routing protocols are used in the wireless communication. These routing protocols utilizes diverse amount of energies. The consumption of energy is the major concern in WSN. The energy must be quantized for computational purposes. Giving greater probability to nodes with more energy, to be taken as cluster head, helps in better distribution of energy and more reliable message transmission. Apart from communication, lot of energy is consumed in synchronizing the WSN. In general, WSN has no central controller. In this work initially the cluster heads are chosen by election algorithm for each cluster then diffusion based technique is applied to synchronize cluster head clock. Results shows the synchronized cluster head can reduce the energy consumption, packet loss while increase the throughput

Energy Efficient Cluster based Routing Scheme for WSN based IoT to Extend Network Lifetime

With the development and advancement of wireless sensor networks (WSN), the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) has achieved prominence in the modern era. With the increasing number of connected devices, WSN has become a key factor in the communication component of the IoT. In IoT-based WSN infrastructure, devices are equipped with intelligent sensors that sense the environment to collect data, process data, and deliver information to the sink or base station (BS). WSN-assisted IoT has become a key technology for various data-centric applications such as health care, smart cities, and the military. Sensor nodes in IoT devices are equipped with bound and irreplaceable batteries. An increased number of connected devices face serious issues of energy depletion, maintenance, and load balancing, which might result in device failure. Energy efficiency is considered a vital parameter in the design of an IoT based WSN, and this can be accomplished through clustering and multihop routing techniques. In this paper, we propose an energy-aware multihop routing scheme (EAMRS) for hierarchical cluster-based WSN-assisted IoT. EAMRS considers the improved low-energy adaptive clustering algorithm (I-LEACH) to select optimal cluster heads (CH). During data transmission, multihop routing is involved by considering routing metrics such as residual energy, distance to BS and optimal route choice to balance the energy load. However, conventional routing schemes fail to achieve the flexibility and adaptability prerequisites of load balancing mechanisms. EAMRS decreases computation overhead and restricts energy usage, resulting in a prolonged network lifetime

An Energy Model Using Sleeping Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks under Proactive and Reactive Protocols: A Performance Evaluation

The continuous evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) makes it possible to connect everyday objects to networks in order to monitor physical and environmental conditions, which is made possible due to wireless sensor networks (WSN) that enable the transfer of data. However, it has also brought about many challenges that need to be addressed, such as excess energy consumption. Accordingly, this paper presents and analyzes wireless network energy models using five different communication protocols: Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Multi-Parent Hierarchical (MPH), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and Zigbee Tree Routing (ZTR). First, a series of metrics are defined to establish a comparison and determine which protocol exhibits the best energy consumption performance. Then, simulations are performed and the results are compared with real scenarios. The energy analysis is conducted with three proposed sleeping algorithms: Modified Sleeping Crown (MSC), Timer Sleeping Algorithm (TSA), and Local Energy Information (LEI). Thereafter, the proposed algorithms are compared by virtue of two widely used wireless technologies, namely Zigbee and WiFi. Indeed, the results suggest that Zigbee has a better energy performance than WiFi, but less redundancy in the topology links, and this study favors the analysis with the simulation of protocols with different nature. The tested scenario is implemented into a university campus to show a real network running

Emissor-recetor acústico definido por software para comunicações subaquáticas

Esta dissertação concerne o estudo e a conceção de um emissor / recetor acústico definido por software para comunicações acústicas subaquáticas. O trabalho incidiu no design e na implementação de um esquema de emissão e receção usando técnicas de Software Defined Radio (SDR). As comunicações acústicas subaquáticas têm vindo a tornar-se indispensáveis, uma vez que são uma solução para os atuais cabos submarinos, reduzindo assim os custos de implementação e manutenção, principalmente em zonas mais remotas e de difícil acesso, nas quais a instalação de uma rede fixa cablada se torna bastante complicada e dispendiosa. Por outro lado, a exploração de áreas submarinas tem vindo a crescer e com isto tem-se verificado uma crescente necessidade de existir outras formas de comunicação subaquática que sejam rápidas e eficazes. Nesta dissertação antes de mais realizou-se uma revisão da literatura e uma análise às aplicações já existentes, de forma a entender os seus pontos fortes, fracos e técnicas de transmissão utilizadas. De seguida desenvolveu-se um emissor / recetor acústico definido por software fazendo uso da ferramenta GNU Radio. Inicialmente foram avaliados os emissores e recetores através de simulações em canal AWGN, Fading Model e Selective Fading Model considerando modulações GFSK, GMSK, MQAM e DBPSK. Após estas simulações passou-se para os esquemas reais, onde emissores e recetores, fazendo uso das mesmas modulações, utilizavam o ar como canal de comunicação fazendo trocas de mensagens e ficheiros! Os dados resultantes desta tese visaram assim, demonstrar em que condições é possível a comunicação acústica avaliando as modulações mais adequadas que permitam a implementação de emissores e recetores de baixa complexidade.This dissertation studies the design of a transmitter / receiver acoustic scheme based on software defined radio tools for underwater communications. The work will focus on the implementation and design of a software that allows underwater communications, using the Software Defined Radio (SDR). Underwater acoustic communications have become important since they can be an alternative to submarine cables, reducing implementation and maintenance costs, especially in more remote areas with difficult access, where the installation of a wired fixed network becomes quite complicated and expensive. On the other hand, exploitation of undersea areas has been increasing and thus there has been a growing need for other forms of underwater communication that can be fast and reliable. On this dissertation primarily carried out a literature review and an analysis of the existing applications in order to understand their strengths, weaknesses and modulations. Next have been developed a transmitter / receiver sound defined by software by using GNU Radio tool. Initially evaluated the senders and receivers through simulations AWGN channel, Fading Model and Selective Fading Model considering the modulation GFSK, GMSK, MQAM and DBPSK. After these simulations was passed to the actual schemes, where transmitters and receivers making use of the same modulations used the air as a communication channel, exchanging messages and files that way. The results obtained from this thesis aimed thus demonstrate under what conditions acoustic communication are possible to assess the most appropriate modulations that allow the implementation of emitters and low complexity receivers