31 research outputs found

    Efficient Analysis in Multimedia Databases

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    The rapid progress of digital technology has led to a situation where computers have become ubiquitous tools. Now we can find them in almost every environment, be it industrial or even private. With ever increasing performance computers assumed more and more vital tasks in engineering, climate and environmental research, medicine and the content industry. Previously, these tasks could only be accomplished by spending enormous amounts of time and money. By using digital sensor devices, like earth observation satellites, genome sequencers or video cameras, the amount and complexity of data with a spatial or temporal relation has gown enormously. This has led to new challenges for the data analysis and requires the use of modern multimedia databases. This thesis aims at developing efficient techniques for the analysis of complex multimedia objects such as CAD data, time series and videos. It is assumed that the data is modeled by commonly used representations. For example CAD data is represented as a set of voxels, audio and video data is represented as multi-represented, multi-dimensional time series. The main part of this thesis focuses on finding efficient methods for collision queries of complex spatial objects. One way to speed up those queries is to employ a cost-based decompositioning, which uses interval groups to approximate a spatial object. For example, this technique can be used for the Digital Mock-Up (DMU) process, which helps engineers to ensure short product cycles. This thesis defines and discusses a new similarity measure for time series called threshold-similarity. Two time series are considered similar if they expose a similar behavior regarding the transgression of a given threshold value. Another part of the thesis is concerned with the efficient calculation of reverse k-nearest neighbor (RkNN) queries in general metric spaces using conservative and progressive approximations. The aim of such RkNN queries is to determine the impact of single objects on the whole database. At the end, the thesis deals with video retrieval and hierarchical genre classification of music using multiple representations. The practical relevance of the discussed genre classification approach is highlighted with a prototype tool that helps the user to organize large music collections. Both the efficiency and the effectiveness of the presented techniques are thoroughly analyzed. The benefits over traditional approaches are shown by evaluating the new methods on real-world test datasets

    K-nearest neighbor search for fuzzy objects

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    The K-Nearest Neighbor search (kNN) problem has been investigated extensively in the past due to its broad range of applications. In this paper we study this problem in the context of fuzzy objects that have indeterministic boundaries. Fuzzy objects play an important role in many areas, such as biomedical image databases and GIS. Existing research on fuzzy objects mainly focuses on modelling basic fuzzy object types and operations, leaving the processing of more advanced queries such as kNN query untouched. In this paper, we propose two new kinds of kNN queries for fuzzy objects, Ad-hoc kNN query (AKNN) and Range kNN query (RKNN), to find the k nearest objects qualifying at a probability threshold or within a probability range. For efficient AKNN query processing, we optimize the basic best-first search algorithm by deriving more accurate approximations for the distance function between fuzzy objects and the query object. To improve the performance of RKNN search, effective pruning rules are developed to significantly reduce the search space and further speed up the candidate refinement process. The efficiency of our proposed algorithms as well as the optimization techniques are verified with an extensive set of experiments using both synthetic and real datasets

    Complex queries and complex data

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    With the widespread availability of wearable computers, equipped with sensors such as GPS or cameras, and with the ubiquitous presence of micro-blogging platforms, social media sites and digital marketplaces, data can be collected and shared on a massive scale. A necessary building block for taking advantage from this vast amount of information are efficient and effective similarity search algorithms that are able to find objects in a database which are similar to a query object. Due to the general applicability of similarity search over different data types and applications, the formalization of this concept and the development of strategies for evaluating similarity queries has evolved to an important field of research in the database community, spatio-temporal database community, and others, such as information retrieval and computer vision. This thesis concentrates on a special instance of similarity queries, namely k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) Queries and their close relative, Reverse k-Nearest Neighbor (RkNN) Queries. As a first contribution we provide an in-depth analysis of the RkNN join. While the problem of reverse nearest neighbor queries has received a vast amount of research interest, the problem of performing such queries in a bulk has not seen an in-depth analysis so far. We first formalize the RkNN join, identifying its monochromatic and bichromatic versions and their self-join variants. After pinpointing the monochromatic RkNN join as an important and interesting instance, we develop solutions for this class, including a self-pruning and a mutual pruning algorithm. We then evaluate these algorithms extensively on a variety of synthetic and real datasets. From this starting point of similarity queries on certain data we shift our focus to uncertain data, addressing nearest neighbor queries in uncertain spatio-temporal databases. Starting from the traditional definition of nearest neighbor queries and a data model for uncertain spatio-temporal data, we develop efficient query mechanisms that consider temporal dependencies during query evaluation. We define intuitive query semantics, aiming not only at returning the objects closest to the query but also their probability of being a nearest neighbor. After theoretically evaluating these query predicates we develop efficient querying algorithms for the proposed query predicates. Given the findings of this research on nearest neighbor queries, we extend these results to reverse nearest neighbor queries. Finally we address the problem of querying large datasets containing set-based objects, namely image databases, where images are represented by (multi-)sets of vectors and additional metadata describing the position of features in the image. We aim at reducing the number of kNN queries performed during query processing and evaluate a modified pipeline that aims at optimizing the query accuracy at a small number of kNN queries. Additionally, as feature representations in object recognition are moving more and more from the real-valued domain to the binary domain, we evaluate efficient indexing techniques for binary feature vectors.Nicht nur durch die Verbreitung von tragbaren Computern, die mit einer Vielzahl von Sensoren wie GPS oder Kameras ausgestattet sind, sondern auch durch die breite Nutzung von Microblogging-Plattformen, Social-Media Websites und digitale MarktplĂ€tze wie Amazon und Ebay wird durch die User eine gigantische Menge an Daten veröffentlicht. Um aus diesen Daten einen Mehrwert erzeugen zu können bedarf es effizienter und effektiver Algorithmen zur Ähnlichkeitssuche, die zu einem gegebenen Anfrageobjekt Ă€hnliche Objekte in einer Datenbank identifiziert. Durch die Allgemeinheit dieses Konzeptes der Ähnlichkeit ĂŒber unterschiedliche Datentypen und Anwendungen hinweg hat sich die Ähnlichkeitssuche zu einem wichtigen Forschungsfeld, nicht nur im Datenbankumfeld oder im Bereich raum-zeitlicher Datenbanken, sondern auch in anderen Forschungsgebieten wie dem Information Retrieval oder dem Maschinellen Sehen entwickelt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit beschĂ€ftigen wir uns mit einem speziellen AnfrageprĂ€dikat im Bereich der Ähnlichkeitsanfragen, mit k-nĂ€chste Nachbarn (kNN) Anfragen und ihrem Verwandten, den Revers k-nĂ€chsten Nachbarn (RkNN) Anfragen. In einem ersten Beitrag analysieren wir den RkNN Join. Obwohl das Problem von reverse nĂ€chsten Nachbar Anfragen in den letzten Jahren eine breite Aufmerksamkeit in der Forschungsgemeinschaft erfahren hat, wurde das Problem eine Menge von RkNN Anfragen gleichzeitig auszufĂŒhren nicht ausreichend analysiert. Aus diesem Grund formalisieren wir das Problem des RkNN Joins mit seinen monochromatischen und bichromatischen Varianten. Wir identifizieren den monochromatischen RkNN Join als einen wichtigen und interessanten Fall und entwickeln entsprechende Anfragealgorithmen. In einer detaillierten Evaluation vergleichen wir die ausgearbeiteten Verfahren auf einer Vielzahl von synthetischen und realen DatensĂ€tzen. Nach diesem Kapitel ĂŒber Ähnlichkeitssuche auf sicheren Daten konzentrieren wir uns auf unsichere Daten, speziell im Bereich raum-zeitlicher Datenbanken. Ausgehend von der traditionellen Definition von Nachbarschaftsanfragen und einem Datenmodell fĂŒr unsichere raum-zeitliche Daten entwickeln wir effiziente Anfrageverfahren, die zeitliche AbhĂ€ngigkeiten bei der Anfragebearbeitung beachten. Zu diesem Zweck definieren wir AnfrageprĂ€dikate die nicht nur die Objekte zurĂŒckzugeben, die dem Anfrageobjekt am nĂ€chsten sind, sondern auch die Wahrscheinlichkeit mit der sie ein nĂ€chster Nachbar sind. Wir evaluieren die definierten AnfrageprĂ€dikate theoretisch und entwickeln effiziente Anfragestrategien, die eine Anfragebearbeitung zu vertretbaren Laufzeiten gewĂ€hrleisten. Ausgehend von den Ergebnissen fĂŒr Nachbarschaftsanfragen erweitern wir unsere Ergebnisse auf Reverse Nachbarschaftsanfragen. Zuletzt behandeln wir das Problem der Anfragebearbeitung bei Mengen-basierten Objekten, die zum Beispiel in Bilddatenbanken Verwendung finden: Oft werden Bilder durch eine Menge von Merkmalsvektoren und zusĂ€tzliche Metadaten (zum Beispiel die Position der Merkmale im Bild) dargestellt. Wir evaluieren eine modifizierte Pipeline, die darauf abzielt, die Anfragegenauigkeit bei einer kleinen Anzahl an kNN-Anfragen zu maximieren. Da reellwertige Merkmalsvektoren im Bereich der Objekterkennung immer öfter durch Bitvektoren ersetzt werden, die sich durch einen geringeren Speicherplatzbedarf und höhere Laufzeiteffizienz auszeichnen, evaluieren wir außerdem Indexierungsverfahren fĂŒr BinĂ€rvektoren

    Complex queries and complex data

    Get PDF
    With the widespread availability of wearable computers, equipped with sensors such as GPS or cameras, and with the ubiquitous presence of micro-blogging platforms, social media sites and digital marketplaces, data can be collected and shared on a massive scale. A necessary building block for taking advantage from this vast amount of information are efficient and effective similarity search algorithms that are able to find objects in a database which are similar to a query object. Due to the general applicability of similarity search over different data types and applications, the formalization of this concept and the development of strategies for evaluating similarity queries has evolved to an important field of research in the database community, spatio-temporal database community, and others, such as information retrieval and computer vision. This thesis concentrates on a special instance of similarity queries, namely k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) Queries and their close relative, Reverse k-Nearest Neighbor (RkNN) Queries. As a first contribution we provide an in-depth analysis of the RkNN join. While the problem of reverse nearest neighbor queries has received a vast amount of research interest, the problem of performing such queries in a bulk has not seen an in-depth analysis so far. We first formalize the RkNN join, identifying its monochromatic and bichromatic versions and their self-join variants. After pinpointing the monochromatic RkNN join as an important and interesting instance, we develop solutions for this class, including a self-pruning and a mutual pruning algorithm. We then evaluate these algorithms extensively on a variety of synthetic and real datasets. From this starting point of similarity queries on certain data we shift our focus to uncertain data, addressing nearest neighbor queries in uncertain spatio-temporal databases. Starting from the traditional definition of nearest neighbor queries and a data model for uncertain spatio-temporal data, we develop efficient query mechanisms that consider temporal dependencies during query evaluation. We define intuitive query semantics, aiming not only at returning the objects closest to the query but also their probability of being a nearest neighbor. After theoretically evaluating these query predicates we develop efficient querying algorithms for the proposed query predicates. Given the findings of this research on nearest neighbor queries, we extend these results to reverse nearest neighbor queries. Finally we address the problem of querying large datasets containing set-based objects, namely image databases, where images are represented by (multi-)sets of vectors and additional metadata describing the position of features in the image. We aim at reducing the number of kNN queries performed during query processing and evaluate a modified pipeline that aims at optimizing the query accuracy at a small number of kNN queries. Additionally, as feature representations in object recognition are moving more and more from the real-valued domain to the binary domain, we evaluate efficient indexing techniques for binary feature vectors.Nicht nur durch die Verbreitung von tragbaren Computern, die mit einer Vielzahl von Sensoren wie GPS oder Kameras ausgestattet sind, sondern auch durch die breite Nutzung von Microblogging-Plattformen, Social-Media Websites und digitale MarktplĂ€tze wie Amazon und Ebay wird durch die User eine gigantische Menge an Daten veröffentlicht. Um aus diesen Daten einen Mehrwert erzeugen zu können bedarf es effizienter und effektiver Algorithmen zur Ähnlichkeitssuche, die zu einem gegebenen Anfrageobjekt Ă€hnliche Objekte in einer Datenbank identifiziert. Durch die Allgemeinheit dieses Konzeptes der Ähnlichkeit ĂŒber unterschiedliche Datentypen und Anwendungen hinweg hat sich die Ähnlichkeitssuche zu einem wichtigen Forschungsfeld, nicht nur im Datenbankumfeld oder im Bereich raum-zeitlicher Datenbanken, sondern auch in anderen Forschungsgebieten wie dem Information Retrieval oder dem Maschinellen Sehen entwickelt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit beschĂ€ftigen wir uns mit einem speziellen AnfrageprĂ€dikat im Bereich der Ähnlichkeitsanfragen, mit k-nĂ€chste Nachbarn (kNN) Anfragen und ihrem Verwandten, den Revers k-nĂ€chsten Nachbarn (RkNN) Anfragen. In einem ersten Beitrag analysieren wir den RkNN Join. Obwohl das Problem von reverse nĂ€chsten Nachbar Anfragen in den letzten Jahren eine breite Aufmerksamkeit in der Forschungsgemeinschaft erfahren hat, wurde das Problem eine Menge von RkNN Anfragen gleichzeitig auszufĂŒhren nicht ausreichend analysiert. Aus diesem Grund formalisieren wir das Problem des RkNN Joins mit seinen monochromatischen und bichromatischen Varianten. Wir identifizieren den monochromatischen RkNN Join als einen wichtigen und interessanten Fall und entwickeln entsprechende Anfragealgorithmen. In einer detaillierten Evaluation vergleichen wir die ausgearbeiteten Verfahren auf einer Vielzahl von synthetischen und realen DatensĂ€tzen. Nach diesem Kapitel ĂŒber Ähnlichkeitssuche auf sicheren Daten konzentrieren wir uns auf unsichere Daten, speziell im Bereich raum-zeitlicher Datenbanken. Ausgehend von der traditionellen Definition von Nachbarschaftsanfragen und einem Datenmodell fĂŒr unsichere raum-zeitliche Daten entwickeln wir effiziente Anfrageverfahren, die zeitliche AbhĂ€ngigkeiten bei der Anfragebearbeitung beachten. Zu diesem Zweck definieren wir AnfrageprĂ€dikate die nicht nur die Objekte zurĂŒckzugeben, die dem Anfrageobjekt am nĂ€chsten sind, sondern auch die Wahrscheinlichkeit mit der sie ein nĂ€chster Nachbar sind. Wir evaluieren die definierten AnfrageprĂ€dikate theoretisch und entwickeln effiziente Anfragestrategien, die eine Anfragebearbeitung zu vertretbaren Laufzeiten gewĂ€hrleisten. Ausgehend von den Ergebnissen fĂŒr Nachbarschaftsanfragen erweitern wir unsere Ergebnisse auf Reverse Nachbarschaftsanfragen. Zuletzt behandeln wir das Problem der Anfragebearbeitung bei Mengen-basierten Objekten, die zum Beispiel in Bilddatenbanken Verwendung finden: Oft werden Bilder durch eine Menge von Merkmalsvektoren und zusĂ€tzliche Metadaten (zum Beispiel die Position der Merkmale im Bild) dargestellt. Wir evaluieren eine modifizierte Pipeline, die darauf abzielt, die Anfragegenauigkeit bei einer kleinen Anzahl an kNN-Anfragen zu maximieren. Da reellwertige Merkmalsvektoren im Bereich der Objekterkennung immer öfter durch Bitvektoren ersetzt werden, die sich durch einen geringeren Speicherplatzbedarf und höhere Laufzeiteffizienz auszeichnen, evaluieren wir außerdem Indexierungsverfahren fĂŒr BinĂ€rvektoren

    soMLier: A South African Wine Recommender System

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    Though several commercial wine recommender systems exist, they are largely tailored to consumers outside of South Africa (SA). Consequently, these systems are of limited use to novice wine consumers in SA. To address this, the aim of this research is to develop a system for South African consumers that yields high-quality wine recommendations, maximises the accuracy of predicted ratings for those recommendations and provides insights into why those suggestions were made. To achieve this, a hybrid system “soMLier” (pronounced “sommelier”) is built in this thesis that makes use of two datasets. Firstly, a database containing several attributes of South African wines such as the chemical composition, style, aroma, price and description was supplied by wine.co.za (a SA wine retailer). Secondly, for each wine in that database, the numeric 5-star ratings and textual reviews made by users worldwide were further scraped from Vivino.com to serve as a dataset of user preferences. Together, these are used to develop and compare several systems, the most optimal of which are combined in the final system. Item-based collaborative filtering methods are investigated first along with model-based techniques (such as matrix factorisation and neural networks) when applied to the user rating dataset to generate wine recommendations through the ranking of rating predictions. Respectively, these methods are determined to excel at generating lists of relevant wine recommendations and producing accurate corresponding predicted ratings. Next, the wine attribute data is used to explore the efficacy of content-based systems. Numeric features (such as price) are compared along with categorical features (such as style) using various distance measures and the relationships between the textual descriptions of the wines are determined using natural language processing methods. These methods are found to be most appropriate for explaining wine recommendations. Hence, the final hybrid system makes use of collaborative filtering to generate recommendations, matrix factorisation to predict user ratings, and content-based techniques to rationalise the wine suggestions made. This thesis contributes the “soMLier” system that is of specific use to SA wine consumers as it bridges the gap between the technologies used by highly-developed existing systems and the SA wine market. Though this final system would benefit from more explicit user data to establish a richer model of user preferences, it can ultimately assist consumers in exploring unfamiliar wines, discovering wines they will likely enjoy, and understanding their preferences of SA wine

    Coping with distance and location dependencies in spatial, temporal and uncertain data

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