Formal Foundations for the Generation of Heterogeneous Executable Specifications in SystemC from UML/MARTE Models

Medical genetic

Projeto unificado de componentes em hardware e software para sistemas embarcados

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação, Florianópolis, 2013.O crescente aumento na complexidade dos sistemas embarcados está ocasionando uma migração para técnicas de projeto em níveis mais altos de abstração, o que tem levado a uma convergência entre as metodologias de desenvolvimento de hardware e software. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal contribuir nesse cenário propondo uma estratégia de desenvolvimento unificada que possibilita a implementação de componentes em hardware e software a partir de uma única descrição na linguagem C++. As técnicas propostas se baseiam em conceitos de programação orientada a objetos (do inglês Object-oriented Programming - OOP) e programação orientada a aspectos (do inglês Aspect-oriented Programming - AOP) para guiar uma estratégia de engenharia de domínio que facilita a clara separação entre a estrutura e comportamento-base de um componente das características que são específicas de implementações em hardware ou software.Certos aspectos de um componente, como, por exemplo, alocação de recursos e a interface de comunicação, são modelados de maneiras distintas dependendo da implementação-alvo (hardware ou software). Este trabalho mostra como tais aspectos podem ser fatorados e encapsulados em programas de aspecto que são aplicados às descrições iniciais apenas quando o particionamento final entre hardware e software é definido. Os mecanismos de aplicação de aspectos são definidos via metaprogramação estática utilizando os templates do C++. Dessa forma, a extração de implementações em hardware ou software a partir de uma implementação unificada em C++ é direta e se dá através de transformações no nível da linguagem suportadas por uma grande gama de compiladores e ferramentas de síntese de alto-nível (do inglês High-level Synthesis - HLS). Para avaliar a abordagem proposta, foi desenvolvida uma plataforma flexível para implementação de System-on-Chips (SoCs) em dispositivos lógico programáveis. A infraestrutura de hardware/software desenvolvida utiliza uma arquitetura baseadas em Network-on-Chips (NoCs) para prover um mecanismo de comunicação transparente entre hardware e software. A avaliação dos mecanismos propostos foi feita através da implementação de um SoC para aplicações PABX. Os resultados mostraram que a estratégia proposta resulta em componentes flexíveis e reusáveis com uma eficiência muito próxima a de componentes implementados especificamente para software ou hardware.Abstract : The increasing complexity of current embedded systems is pushing their design to higher levels of abstraction, leading to a convergence between hardware and software design methodologies. In this work we aim at narrowing the gap between hardware and software design by introducing a strategy that handles both domains in a unified fashion. We leverage on Aspect-oriented Programming (AOP) and Object-oriented Programming (OOP) techniques in order to provide unified C++ descriptions of embedded system components. Such unified descriptions can be obtained through a careful design process focused on isolating aspects that are specific of hardware and software scenarios. Aspects that differ significantly in each domain, such as resource allocation and communication interface, were isolated in aspect programs that are applied to the unified descriptions before they are compiled to software binaries or synthesized to dedicated hardware using High-level Synthesis (HLS) tools. Furthermore, we propose a flexible FPGA-based SoC platform for the deployment of SoCs in a HLS-capable environment. The proposed hardware/software infrastructure relies on a Network-on-Chip-based architecture to provide transparent communication mechanisms for hardware and software components. The proposed unified design approach and its transparent communication mechanisms are evaluated through the implementation of a SoC for digital PABX systems. The results show that our strategy leads to reusable and flexible components at the cost of an acceptable overhead when compared to software-only C/C++ and hardware-only C++ implementations

Profilage, caractérisation et partitionnement fonctionnel dans une plate-forme de conception de systèmes embarqués

RÉSUMÉ La complexité architecturale des systèmes embarqués augmente constamment et ceux-ci comprennent maintenant plusieurs processeurs, bus, périphériques et accélérateurs matériels. Les méthodologies présentement utilisées par l'industrie pour la conception des systèmes embarqués n'arrivent pas à suivre cette évolution. Des méthodologies de niveau système ont été proposées pour hausser le niveau d'abstraction de la conception des systèmes embarqués. Une telle méthodologie comporte une plate-forme virtuelle qui permet d'allouer des composants, d'y assigner la fonctionnalité de l'application et de simuler l'architecture résultante à un niveau transactionnel. Une méthodologie de niveau système peut accélérer la conception des systèmes embarqués en partant d'une spécification exécutable, en explorant automatiquement l'espace de conception et en synthétisant une architecture optimisée pour l'application. Cependant, les méthodologies de niveau système existantes ont plusieurs lacunes. Elles supposent typiquement que l'application est modélisée avec un modèle de calcul restrictif et n'automatisent pas la synthèse des modules de l'application vers des blocs matériels. Elles n'intègrent pas un profilage non-intrusif de l'application ou d'une architecture qui l'implémente. Leurs méthodes d'estimation n'automatisent pas la caractérisation de l'application ou de la plate-forme. Ces méthodologies considèrent séparément les problèmes de l'allocation des processeurs, de l'assignation des tâches aux processeurs et du choix d'une topologie de communication. Nous présentons une méthodologie de niveau système pour la conception, l'exploration architecturale et la synthèse des systèmes embarqués basée sur la technologie Space Code- sign� et sa plate-forme virtuelle SPACE. Cette méthodologie répond aux problématiques soulevées car elle combine un modèle de calcul plus expressif, une méthode de synthèse matérielle automatisée des modules d'une spécification SystemC, un profilage non-intrusif au niveau système, une méthode de caractérisation automatisée de l'application et du système d'exploitation temps-réel (RTOS), ainsi que des heuristiques pour une formulation unifiée du problème d'exploration architecturale. Ainsi, nous avons défini pour notre méthodologie un nouveau modèle de calcul, les réseaux de processus temps-réel (RTPN) qui sont une extension des réseaux de processus Kahn. Cette extension permet de modéliser des aspects importants du traitement temps-réel tels que la scrutation, les senseurs échantillonnés, les périphériques d'entrée/sortie et les contraintes temps-réel. La sémantique dénotationnelle des RTPN est définie afin de vérifier si le raffinement d'une spécification exécutable SystemC vers une implémentation concrète est fonctionnellement correct. Notre méthodologie inclut une méthode automatisée de raffinement des communications transactionnelles vers des protocoles précis au cycle et à la broche près ainsi que la génération automatique de blocs matériels pour les modules de l'application. Cette méthode permet, conjointement avec une méthode de génération de code embarqué incluant un RTOS, de générer une implémentation de l'application qui peut être simulée avec la plate-forme virtuelle ou synthétisée et exécutée sur la cible finale. Une nouvelle méthode de profilage au niveau système est appliquée à une telle simulation, ce qui permet d'extraire non-intrusivement des données sur la performance des modules, des processeurs, du RTOS, des bus et des mémoires. Une nouvelle méthode automatisée permet de caractériser, par des simulations profilées, à la fois la fonctionnalité de l'application et les implémentations logicielles et matérielles de ses modules. Les périphériques et les bus de la plate-forme virtuelle ont également été caractérisées et une nouvelle méthode automatise la caractérisation du RTOS. Ces caractérisations configurent un simulateur de performance à haut niveau qui estime précisément et très rapidement la performance d'un ensemble d'architectures pour l'application en tenant compte de la contention sur les bus et de l'ordonnancement des tâches sur les processeurs. Cette caractérisation mène également à une estimation précise et rapide des besoins en ressources matérielles. Nous présentons une formulation du problème d'exploration architecturale qui combine le partitionnement logiciel/matériel, l'allocation des processeurs, l'assignation des tâches aux processeurs et le choix d'une topologie de communication. L'exploration architecturale évalue les architectures selon des critères de performance et de coût matériel à l'aide de notre méthode d'estimation. Nous présentons pour la première fois une analyse combinatoire de ce problème et sa formulation comme un problème de recherche locale, pour la résolution duquel nous définissons des heuristiques basées sur un recuit simulé adaptatif et sur une recherche tabou réactive. L'architecture retenue par l'exploration architecturale peut ensuite être synthétisée vers une implémentation finale dans un flot de conception RTL bien établi. La méthodologie dans son ensemble est appliquée à trois études de cas : un système de guidage d'un astromobile, un décodeur JPEG avec détection de peau et un encodeur/décodeur WiMAX. ----------ABSTRACT Embedded systems have increasingly complex architectures and are now composed of several processors, buses, peripherals and hardware accelerators. Embedded system design methodologies currently used in industry are not keeping up with this evolution. System-level methodologies have been proposed in order to raise the level of abstraction of embedded system design. Such a methodology includes a virtual platform in which components can be allocated while application tasks can be bound to allocated components for a transaction-level simulation of the resulting architecture. A system-level methodology can accelerate embedded system design by using an executable specification, automating design space exploration and synthesizing an optimized architecture for the application. However, current system-level methodologies have several shortcomings. They typically assume that the application is modeled with a restrictive model of computation and do not automate the synthesis of hardware blocks from application modules. They do not support a non-intrusive profiling of the application or of an architecture implementing the application. Their estimation methods do not automate the characterization of the application or of the platform. These methodologies consider processor allocation, task binding to processors and the choice of a communication topology to be separate problems instead of being different aspects of a single problem. We present a system-level methodology for the design, architectural exploration and synthesis of embedded systems based on the Space Codesign� technology and its SPACE virtual platform. This methodology tackles these problems by combining a more expressive model of computation, a method for the automated synthesis of hardware blocks from a SystemC specification's modules, a non-intrusive system-level profiling, a method for the automated characterization of the application and of the real-time operating system (RTOS), as well as heuristics for a unified formulation of the architectural exploration problem. We have thus defined for our methodology a novel model of computation, called real-time process networks (RTPN), which is an extension of Kahn process networks. This extension enables the modeling of important aspects of real-time processing, such as polling, sensor sampling, input/output peripherals and real-time constraints. We define the denotational semantics of RTPNs, which is used to verify the functional correctness of a refinement from a SystemC executable specification to a concrete implementation. Our methodology includes an automated refinement from transaction-level communications to cycle- and pin-accurate protocols as well as an automated generation of hardware blocks from application modules. This method enables, when combined with an embedded software generation method which includes a RTOS, the generation of an implementation of the application, which can be simulated with the virtual platform or synthesized and executed on the final target. A novel profiling method is applied to such simulations in order to non-intrusively extract data on the performance of modules, processors, RTOS, buses and memories. A novel automated method characterizes, through profiled simulations, both the application functionality and the software and hardware implementations of its modules. The devices and buses of the virtual platform have also been characterized and a novel method automates the characterization of the RTOS. These characterizations configure a high-level performance simulator for an accurate and very fast estimation of the performance of several candidate architectures for the application, taking into account bus contention and task scheduling on processors. This characterization also powers a fast and accurate estimation of required hardware resources. A formulation of the architectural exploration problem is given such that it combines hardware/software partitioning, processor allocation, task binding on processors and the selection of a communication topology. This architectural exploration evaluates architectures for criteria of performance and hardware cost with our estimation method. We present for the first time a combinatorial analysis of this problem and its formulation as a local search problem, for which heuristics based on adaptative simulated annealing and reactive tabu search are defined. The architecture selected by the architectural exploration can then be synthesized towards a final implementation in a well-established RTL design flow. The methodology as a whole has been applied to three case studies: a rover guiding system, a JPEG decoder with skin detection and a WiMAX encoder/decoder

Efficient Representation and Simulation of Model-Based Designs in SystemC

Actor-based design is based on composing a system of communicating processes called actors, which can only communicate with each other via channels. However, actor-based design does not constrain the communication behavior of its actors therefore making analyses of the system in general impossible. In a model-based design methodology the underlying Model of Computation (MoC) is known additionally which is given by a predefined type of communication behavior and a scheduling strategy for the actors. In this paper, we propose a library based on the design language SystemC called SysteMoC which provides a simulation environment for model-based designs. We will introduce the syntax and semantics supported by Syste-MoC as well as discuss the simulation environment and present first results of using SysteMoC for modeling and simulation of signal processing applications. The library-based approach unites the advantage of executability with analyzability of many expressive MoCs. Finally, we compare the simulative performance of SysteMoC with other executable languages such as C++, regular SystemC, and modelling environments such as Ptolemy II