Effectiveness of ice application prior to intramuscular immunization on pain response among under five children in pediatric outpatient Department, Institute of Child Health and Research Centre, Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai

Under five children routinely experience pain associated with commonly used invasive procedures. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the Effectiveness of ice application prior to immunization on pain response during intramuscular immunization among the under five children undergoing intramuscular immunization. Modified widenbach’s prescriptive theory was used. Quantitative approach with True experimental design - Post test only design was adopted for this study. With the use of simple random sampling technique 30 infants were assigned to experimental group, and 30 were in control group (n=60). Ice application prior to intramuscular immunization was given to the experimental group. In this technique ice pack covered with a lint piece was placed for 30 seconds prior to intramuscular immunization. The intramuscular immunization was given by the usual standard technique for the control group. Consequently, the pain level was measured by FLACC (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) pain scale. Result revealed the control group mean (7.97) is higher than the experimental group mean (3.03) of the under five children. The obtained ‘t’ value is 15.59, significant at p<0.05 level. There was no significant association between pain level among experimental group and baseline variables. This concludes that the pain response of experimental group is less than the control group. Hence, the ice application prior to intramuscular immunization for under five children had effect on the pain response during intramuscular immunization

Pseudo National Security System of Health in Indonesia

ABstRACt Adolescence is a crucial period where one tends to identify who they are as an individual. However, as a teenager is struggling to find his/her place in this world, it is also a time where they are prone to engaging in risk behaviors, which tend to have an extreme psychological impact. The objective was to explore the experiences of an adolescent who engages in risk behaviors and to understand their level of personal fables. The study was a qualitative design with content analysis with semi-structured interviews of ten male adolescents aged 16-18 years. The major findings of the study indicated that adolescent’s pattern of thinking revolves around the fact that they are invincible and invulnerable. Furthermore, adolescents are aware of the risks they are putting themselves through and how in the process they are hurting others. The implications of the study are to conduct more life skill programs in schools; greater awareness has to be created on the impact and harmful effects of such behaviors