Editorial for Vol. 25 No. 2

In this issue of CIT. Journal of Computing and Information Technology we bring five papers from diverse fields of computing. Three of them deal with various aspects of networks, while the other two address issues in optimization and semantic text processing

Table of contents and editorial information for Vol. 25, no. 2, Spring 1998

This content includes the table of contents and editorial information for this special issue Public School Funding in the United States: Volume I

Jefferson Medical College Alumni Bulletin–Vol. 2 No. 5 May, 1939

Table of contents – Vol. 2 No. 5 May, 1939 Portrait of Dean Henry K. Mohler, Page 1 A Letter To the Alumni, Page 2 Dr. Henry Keller Mohler: Newly Elected President of the Alumni Association, Page 3 Dr. Bernard J. Alpers: Professor of Neurology, Page 5 New Members of the Board of Trustees, Page 7 The William Potter Memorial Lecture, Page 8 Recent Important Bequests, Page 10 The Jefferson Society Prize, Page 11 Dr. Randle C. Rosenberger: Fifty Years at Jefferson, Page12 The Jefferson Medical College: Activities of the Various Departments, Page 14 A New Division of Hematology, Page 22 Jefferson Fellowships and Residencies, Page 23 Jefferson Alumnus to be New Surgeon General of Army, Page 24 Jefferson Alumnus to be Honored in Costa Rica, Page 24 Branch Chapter Meetings of the Alumni Association, Page 25 Alumni Endowment Fund, Page 27 Alumni Smokers at the American Medical Association and State Meetings, Page 27 Annual Business Meeting and Mid-Winter Smoker, Page 29 New Members of the Alumni Association, Page 29 Alumni Dinner, Page 29 Scientific Exhibit of the Alumni Association of Jefferson Medical College, Page 29 Class Reunions, Page 30 Program for Commencement Season, Page 31 Endowment Room and Benevolence Fund, Page 32 Editorial Note, Page 32 Obituary of Dr. Frederick J. Kalteyer, Page 33 Deaths Reported During the Past Year, Page 34 The Alumni Association of the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia Officers 1939-1940, Page 3

Identificación de las pérdidas y desperdicios en los eslabones de la cadena de valor del cacao en las provincias de Cotopaxi y Pastaza, Ecuador

In this article, we analyze the waste and losses in the links of the cocoa value chain in the provinces of Cotopaxi and Pastaza. To this aim, information on the volumes of cocoa production in each province was described. Subsequently, the impact of the 2020 pandemic on cocoa production was analyzed. For this,the Student's t contrast was applied to this variable in the aforementioned provinces. Finally, a description was made of the intensity with which waste and losses are generated in the main links corresponding to the value chain of cocoa production. It was determined that the links of collection and extraction of grains, as well as that of grafting, were the most representative in the waste of the value chain. In the same way, considerable losses were evidenced in the handling of the product and the pruning of diseases or pests. Keywords: Art, cocoa, value chain, product losses, waste. References [1]Sistema Nacional de Información, “Indicadores de cosecha y siembra,” Sistema Nacional de Información del Ecuador, June 2020. [2]C. Arévalo, E. Arévalo, F. Barraza, A. Farfán, Z. He, and V. Baligar, “Growth and nutritional responses of wild and domesticated cacao genotypes to soil Cd stress,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 763, p. 144021, April 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144021. [3]J. Díaz, E. Varela, and J. Gil, “Livelihood strategies of cacao producers in Ecuador: Effects of national policies to support cacao farmers and specialty cacao landraces,” J. Rural Stud., vol. 63, pp. 141–156, August 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.08.004. [4]V. Barrera et al., La cadena de valor del cacao y el bienestar de los productores en la provincia de Manabí-Ecuador. Quito: ARCOIRIS Producciones Gráficas,May 2019. [5]C. Moreno, I. Molina, Z. Miranda, R. Moreno, and P. Moreno, “La Cadena de Valor de Cacao dn Ecuador: Una Propuesta de Estrategias para coadyuvar a la Sostenibilidad,”Bioagro, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 205–214, October 2020. [6]I. Cañadas, “Análisis de la cadena de suministro de cacao en el contexto de la Amazonia Ecuatoriana,” Rev.ECA Sinerg., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 17–28, March 2019,[Online]. Available: https://revistas.utm.edu.ec/index.php/ECASinergia/article/view/1483/1983. [7]Banco Central del Ecuador, “La pandemia incidió en el crecimiento 2020: la economía ecuatoriana decreció 7,8%,” March 2021. https://www.bce.fin.ec/index.php/boletines-de-prensa-archivo/item/1421-la-pandemia-incidio-en-el-crecimiento-2020-la-economia-ecuatoriana-decrecio-7-8 (accessed Oct. 18, 2021). [8]Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La cadena de valor del cacao en América Latina y el Caribe. Quito, PI, Ecuador, October 2019. [9]M. Vassallo, “Diferenciación y agregado de valor en la cadena ecuatoriana del cacao,” Instituto de Altos Estudios Nacionales (IAEN), Quito, PI, Ecuador, 2015. [10]E. Chavez et al., “Concentration of cadmium in cacao beans and its relationship with soil cadmium in southern Ecuador,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 533, pp. 205–214, November 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv. 2015.06.106. [11]C. Kilelu, L. Klerkx, A. Omore, I. Baltenweck, C.Leeuwis, and J. Githinji, “Value chain upgrading and the inclusion of smallholders in markets: reflections oncontributions of multi-stakeholder processes in dairy development in Tanzania,” Eur. J. Dev. Res., vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 1102–1121, January 2017, doi: 10.1057/s41287-016-0074-z. [12]J. Rodríguez, C. Giménez, and D. Arenas, “Cooperative initiatives with NGOs in socially sustainable supply chains: How is inter-organizational fit achieved?,”J. Clean. Prod., vol. 137, pp. 516–526, November 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.115. [13]S. Dubey, R. Singh, S. Singh, A. Mishra, and N. Singh, “A brief study of value chain and supply chain,” no. September, pp. 177–183, 2020. [14]M. Mujica, A. Makhloufi, and P. Scala, “On the logistics of cocoa supply chain in Côte d’Ivoire: Simulation-based analysis,” Comput. Ind. Eng., vol. 137, no.September, p. 106034, November 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.cie.2019.106034. [15]J. Palomeque and J. Lalangui, “Propuesta de una ruta turística bananera en base a la historia regional, provincia El Oro, de Ecuador,” Rev. Científica Univ. ySoc., vol. 8, no. 3, p. 150, September 2016. [16]L. German, A. Bonanno, L. Foster, and L. Cotula,“‘Inclusive business’ in agriculture: Evidence from the evolution of agricultural value chains,” WorldDev., vol. 134, October 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105018. [17]S. Lyon, T. Mutersbaugh, and H. Worthen “Constructing the female coffee farmer: Do corporate smart-economic initiatives promote gender equitywithin agricultural value chains?,” Econ. Anthropol., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 34–47, March 2019, doi: 10.1002/sea2.12129. [18]I. Kahupi, C. Eiríkur, O. Okorie, and S. Millette, “Building competitive advantage with sustainable products – A case study perspective of stakeholders,”J. Clean. Prod., vol. 289, p. 125699, March 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125699. [19]C. Maney, M. Sassen, and S. Hill, “Modelling biodiversity responses to land use in areas of cocoa cultivation,” Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., vol. 324, no.September 2021, p. 107712, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2021.107712. [20]M. Calle and M. Mendieta, “Estructura de la cadena del valor del cacao en el cantón Santa Rosa,” Tesis de grado, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, AZ, Ecuador, 2014. [21]S. Barrezueta, W. Moreira, and C. Quezada, “Análisis del cacao y café ecuatoriano desde su cadena de valor,” Rev. Científica Agroecosistemas, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 7–17, December 2018, [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330520473_Analisis_del_cacao_y_cafe_ecuatoriano_desde_su_cadena_de_valor_en_el_periodo_2010-2015. [22]M. Torres et al., “Diversidad de Trichoderma en el agroecosistema cacao del estado de Tabasco, México,” Rev. Mex. Biodivers., vol. 86, no. 4, pp. 947–961, November 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.rmb.2015.07.012. [23] J. Zambrano and E. Chávez, Diagnóstico del estado del arte de la cadena de valor del cacao en América Latina y el Caribe. Quito: Instituto Nacional Autónomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP) de Ecuador, 2018. [24]F. Barraza et al., “Beyond cadmium accumulation: Distribution of other trace elements in soils and cacao beans in Ecuador,” Environ. Res., vol. 192, no. September 2020, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110241. [25]F. Barraza et al., “Cadmium bioaccumulation and gastric bioaccessibility in cacao: A field study in areas impacted by oil activities in Ecuador,” Environ. Pollut., vol. 229, pp. 950–963, December 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.080. [26]M. Tardzenyuy, Z. Jianguo, T. Akyene, and M. Mbuwel, “Improving cocoa beans value chain using a local convection dryer: A case study of Fako division Cameroon.,” Sci. African, vol. 8, p. e00343, July 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00343. [27]D. Argüello, E. Chavez, F. Lauryssen, R. Vanderschueren, E. Smolders, and D. Montalvo, “Soil properties and agronomic factors affecting cadmium concentrations in cacao beans: A nationwide survey in Ecuador,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 649, pp. 120–127, February 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.292. [28]E. Arévalo et al., “Cacao agroforestry management systems effects on soil fungi diversity in the Peruvian Amazon,” Ecol. Indic., vol. 115, no. April, p. 106404, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106404. [29]J. Rodriguez and A. Pierdant, Estadística para administración. México D.F.: Grupo Editorial Patria, 2015. [30]Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, “Productivo,” 2021. http://sipa.agricultura.gob.ec/index.php/sipa-estadisticas/estadisticas-productivas (accessed November 22, 2021). [31]J. Quito, “Biochar como enmienda edáfica para bajar los niveles de absorción de cadmio en Cacao (Theobroma Cacao L) Cultivar CCN-51,” Tesis de grado, Universidad Técnica de Machala, Machala, Ecuador, December 2020.      En el presente artículo se analizan los desperdicios y pérdidas en los eslabones de la cadena de valor del cacao en las provincias del Ecuador Cotopaxi y Pastaza. Para ello, se describieron los volúmenes de producción de cacao de cada provincia. Posteriormente, se analizó la afectación de la pandemia de 2020 en la producción. Para esto se aplicó el contraste T de Student, a dicha variable. Finalmente, se realizó una descripción de la intensidad con la que se generan los desperdicios y pérdidas en los principales eslabones de la cadena de valor de la producción cacaotera. Se determinó que los eslabones de recolección y extracción de granos, así como el de injertación fueron los de mayor representatividad en los desperdicios de la cadena de valor. De igual manera, se evidenciaron pérdidas considerables en el de manejo del producto y en la poda de las plantas por enfermedades o plagas. Palabras Clave: Cacao, cadena de valor, pérdidas, desperdicios Referencias [1]Sistema Nacional de Información, “Indicadores de cosecha y siembra,” Sistema Nacional de Información del Ecuador, June 2020. [2]C. Arévalo, E. Arévalo, F. Barraza, A. Farfán, Z. He, y V. Baligar, “Growth and nutritional responses of wild and domesticated cacao genotypes to soil Cd stress,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 763, p. 144021, April 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144021. [3]J. Díaz, E. Varela, y J. Gil, “Livelihood strategies of cacao producers in Ecuador: Effects of national policies to support cacao farmers and specialty cacao landraces,” J. Rural Stud., vol. 63, pp. 141–156, August 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.08.004. [4]V. Barrera et al., La cadena de valor del cacao y el bienestar de los productores en la provincia de Manabí-Ecuador. Quito: ARCOIRIS Producciones Gráficas,May 2019. [5]C. Moreno, I. Molina, Z. Miranda, R. Moreno, y P. Moreno, “La Cadena de Valor de Cacao dn Ecuador: Una Propuesta de Estrategias para coadyuvar a la Sostenibilidad,”Bioagro, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 205–214, October 2020. [6]I. Cañadas, “Análisis de la cadena de suministro de cacao en el contexto de la Amazonia Ecuatoriana,” Rev.ECA Sinerg., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 17–28, March 2019,[Online]. Available: https://revistas.utm.edu.ec/index.php/ECASinergia/article/view/1483/1983. [7]Banco Central del Ecuador, “La pandemia incidió en el crecimiento 2020: la economía ecuatoriana decreció 7,8%,” March 2021. https://www.bce.fin.ec/index.php/boletines-de-prensa-archivo/item/1421-la-pandemia-incidio-en-el-crecimiento-2020-la-economia-ecuatoriana-decrecio-7-8 (accessed Oct. 18, 2021). [8]Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La cadena de valor del cacao en América Latina y el Caribe. Quito, PI, Ecuador, October 2019. [9]M. Vassallo, “Diferenciación y agregado de valor en la cadena ecuatoriana del cacao,” Instituto de Altos Estudios Nacionales (IAEN), Quito, PI, Ecuador, 2015. [10]E. Chavez et al., “Concentration of cadmium in cacao beans and its relationship with soil cadmium in southern Ecuador,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 533, pp. 205–214, November 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv. 2015.06.106. [11]C. Kilelu, L. Klerkx, A. Omore, I. Baltenweck, C.Leeuwis, y J. Githinji, “Value chain upgrading and the inclusion of smallholders in markets: reflections oncontributions of multi-stakeholder processes in dairy development in Tanzania,” Eur. J. Dev. Res., vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 1102–1121, January 2017, doi: 10.1057/s41287-016-0074-z. [12]J. Rodríguez, C. Giménez, y D. Arenas, “Cooperative initiatives with NGOs in socially sustainable supply chains: How is inter-organizational fit achieved?,”J. Clean. Prod., vol. 137, pp. 516–526, November 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.115. [13]S. Dubey, R. Singh, S. Singh, A. Mishra, y N. Singh, “A brief study of value chain and supply chain,” no. September, pp. 177–183, 2020. [14]M. Mujica, A. Makhloufi, y P. Scala, “On the logistics of cocoa supply chain in Côte d’Ivoire: Simulation-based analysis,” Comput. Ind. Eng., vol. 137, no.September, p. 106034, November 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.cie.2019.106034. [15]J. Palomeque y J. Lalangui, “Propuesta de una ruta turística bananera en base a la historia regional, provincia El Oro, de Ecuador,” Rev. Científica Univ. ySoc., vol. 8, no. 3, p. 150, September 2016. [16]L. German, A. Bonanno, L. Foster, y L. Cotula,“‘Inclusive business’ in agriculture: Evidence from the evolution of agricultural value chains,” WorldDev., vol. 134, October 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105018. [17]S. Lyon, T. Mutersbaugh, y H. Worthen “Constructing the female coffee farmer: Do corporate smart-economic initiatives promote gender equitywithin agricultural value chains?,” Econ. Anthropol., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 34–47, March 2019, doi: 10.1002/sea2.12129. [18]I. Kahupi, C. Eiríkur, O. Okorie, y S. Millette, “Building competitive advantage with sustainable products – A case study perspective of stakeholders,”J. Clean. Prod., vol. 289, p. 125699, March 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125699. [19]C. Maney, M. Sassen, y S. Hill, “Modelling biodiversity responses to land use in areas of cocoa cultivation,” Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., vol. 324, no.September 2021, p. 107712, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2021.107712. [20]M. Calle y M. Mendieta, “Estructura de la cadena del valor del cacao en el cantón Santa Rosa,” Tesis de grado, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, AZ, Ecuador, 2014. [21]S. Barrezueta, W. Moreira, y C. Quezada, “Análisis del cacao y café ecuatoriano desde su cadena de valor,” Rev. Científica Agroecosistemas, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 7–17, December 2018, [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330520473_Analisis_del_cacao_y_cafe_ecuatoriano_desde_su_cadena_de_valor_en_el_periodo_2010-2015. [22]M. Torres et al., “Diversidad de Trichoderma en el agroecosistema cacao del estado de Tabasco, México,” Rev. Mex. Biodivers., vol. 86, no. 4, pp. 947–961, November 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.rmb.2015.07.012. [23] J. Zambrano y E. Chávez, Diagnóstico del estado del arte de la cadena de valor del cacao en América Latina y el Caribe. Quito: Instituto Nacional Autónomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP) de Ecuador, 2018. [24]F. Barraza et al., “Beyond cadmium accumulation: Distribution of other trace elements in soils and cacao beans in Ecuador,” Environ. Res., vol. 192, no. September 2020, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110241. [25]F. Barraza et al., “Cadmium bioaccumulation and gastric bioaccessibility in cacao: A field study in areas impacted by oil activities in Ecuador,” Environ. Pollut., vol. 229, pp. 950–963, December 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.080. [26]M. Tardzenyuy, Z. Jianguo, T. Akyene, y M. Mbuwel, “Improving cocoa beans value chain using a local convection dryer: A case study of Fako division Cameroon.,” Sci. African, vol. 8, p. e00343, July 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00343. [27]D. Argüello, E. Chavez, F. Lauryssen, R. Vanderschueren, E. Smolders, y D. Montalvo, “Soil properties and agronomic factors affecting cadmium concentrations in cacao beans: A nationwide survey in Ecuador,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 649, pp. 120–127, February 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.292. [28]E. Arévalo et al., “Cacao agroforestry management systems effects on soil fungi diversity in the Peruvian Amazon,” Ecol. Indic., vol. 115, no. April, p. 106404, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106404. [29]J. Rodriguez y A. Pierdant, Estadística para administración. México D.F.: Grupo Editorial Patria, 2015. [30]Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, “Productivo,” 2021. http://sipa.agricultura.gob.ec/index.php/sipa-estadisticas/estadisticas-productivas (accessed November 22, 2021). [31]J. Quito, “Biochar como enmienda edáfica para bajar los niveles de absorción de cadmio en Cacao (Theobroma Cacao L) Cultivar CCN-51,” Tesis de grado, Universidad Técnica de Machala, Machala, Ecuador, December 2020. &nbsp

Long-term Follow up of Van Nes Rotationplasty for Congenital Proximal Focal Femoral Deficiency

Van Nes rotationplasty may be used for patients with congenital proximal focal femoral deficiency (PFFD). The lower limb is rotated to use the ankle and foot as a functional knee joint within a prosthesis. A small series of cases was investigated to determine the long-term outcome. At a mean of 21.5 years (11 to 45) after their rotationplasty, a total of 12 prosthetic patients completed the Short-Form (SF)-36, Faces Pain Scale-Revised, Harris hip score, Oswestry back pain score and Prosthetic Evaluation Questionnaires, as did 12 age- and gender-matched normal control participants. A physical examination and gait analysis, computerised dynamic posturography (CDP), and timed ‘Up & Go’ testing was also completed. Wilcoxon Signed rank test was used to compare each PFFD patient with a matched control participant with false discovery rate of 5%. There were no differences between the groups in overall health and well-being on the SF-36. Significant differences were seen in gait parameters in the PFFD group. Using CDP, the PFFD group had reduced symmetry in stance, and reduced end point and maximum excursions. Patients who had undergone Van Nes rotationplasty had a high level of function and quality of life at long-term follow-up, but presented with significant differences in gait and posture compared with the control group

Editorial

In this issue of Literacy and Numeracy Studies, Theres Bellander and Zoe Nikolaidou examine the online health literacy practices of parents whose child or unborn foetus has been diagnosed with a heart defect, and Julie Choi and Ulrike Najar report on their study of the authors’ English language teaching of immigrant and refugee women in Australia

The first nine years of \u27accounting history\u27 : 1996 to 2004

This paper adds to the prior literature examining publishing patterns in the accounting history discipline by undertaking a content analysis of publications in the first nine years of the new series of the journal Accounting History. The paper commences by providing an historical background to the introduction of the new series of the journal and the journal\u27s editorial team. This is followed by an authorship analysis of the journal\u27s research publications. This analysis examines patterns of authorship (single and multi-authored papers), the journal\u27s most published authors, institutional and geographical affiliations of authors (including international collaboration and changes over the nine year period) and author gender.<br /