The global cultural commons after Cancun: identity, diversity and citizenship

The cultural politics of global trade is a new and unexplored terrain because the public domain of culture has long been associated with national sovereignty. States everywhere have invested heavily in national identity. But in an age of globalization, culture and sovereignty have become more complex propositions, subject to global pressures and national constraints. This paper argues three main points. First, new information technologies increasingly destabilize traditional private sector models for disseminating culture. At the same time, international legal rules have become more restrictive with respect to investment and national treatment, two areas at the heart of cultural policy. Second, Doha has significant implications for the future of the cultural commons. Ongoing negotiations around TRIPS, TRIMS, GATS and dispute settlement will impose new restrictions on public authorities who wish to appropriate culture for a variety of public and private ends. Finally, there is a growing backlash against the WTO’s trade agenda for broadening and deepening disciplines in these areas. These issues have become highly politicized and fractious, and are bound to vex future rounds as the global south, led by Brazil, India and China flexes its diplomatic muscle

The Profiles of Software Pirates among Tertiary Institutions in Singapore

The study seeks to examine the perception of software piracy as well as to discover its underlying factors among Singapore’s three university communities. Some five hundred responses were gathered from students and staff. By means of cluster analysis and factor analysis, the results identify three clusters of pirate profiles as influenced by factors such as attitudes towards software publishers, general acceptance, convenience, and ethics. The decision tree method links each pirate profile to demographic and computer-related variables. It shows that while age is negatively related to software piracy, computer experience and computer usage demonstrates an ambiguous relationship to software piracy respectively. Further, the undergraduate students tend to be pirates more often than university employees, and the Malays tend to be less frequent pirates as compared to other races. It is hoped that the study will help the relevant policy makers to develop better strategies to protect and to enforce the intellectual property rights among the universities as well as in an increasingly knowledge-based economy such as Singapore.Software Piracy; Software Policy; Protection and Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights; Cluster Analysis; Factor Analysis.

Determining factors of attitudes and intentions towards downloading: an australian perspective

Digital piracy has been a rampant phenomenon that has attracted attention both from major corporations, policy makers and the media. This study investigates the factors influencing "illegal" downloading of movies and TV series through P2P networks to gain a better understanding of downloaders. Specifically, it examines how social and ethical orientations of university students and their attitudes towards downloading impact on downloading intentions. The data analysis of 284 useable responses produced several significant relationships. Neutralisation theory and the theory of planned behavior are used to explain some of the results. Facilitating conditions and personal moral obligation were found to predict attitudes towards downloading. Personal moral obligation and attitudes towards downloading are also found to influence intentions to download. Findings derived from this study can provide useful managerial implications for marketers and policy makers to have a better understanding of down-loaders and help developed better measures to a problem which is likely to persist

The relevance of online piracy in the new decade: An empirical study of video content piracy

Objectives The main objective of the study was to research key factors and motivations for consumers when choosing to engage in the online piracy of video content. These motivations would then be utilised by businesses and content providers to improve their current distribution and business models, services and distribution channels in order to reduce piracy rates of their video content. To date, few studies have attempted to extend current business models to rising piracy rates. Summary Global video content piracy rates continue to rise despite industry and government efforts to stagnate it. Academic research in the form of a quantitative survey study was deployed to explore what factors contribute to consumer piracy behavior. Data was gathered through a survey, which received 303 responses from 45 different countries, spanning six continents. The data from the survey indicated core service issues as main contributing factors to online piracy of video content. Differences in piracy rates between demographics such as gender and location were also found. Conclusions Consumers and pirates alike would gladly pay for content but feel as in content is too dispersed across different streaming services, regionally locked or receive delayed releases in one’s own region, making piracy the best or in some cases only option to consume content instantly. Consumers also neutralized the crime with by denying financial impact from piracy and were more likely to pirate if they had the necessary capabilities or less moral obligation against it. Content providers need to prioritize synchronized global distribution and educational campaigns about the harms caused by online piracy

Investigating factors influencing attitudes and intentions towards downloading

Digital piracy has been a rampant phenomenon that has attracted attention both from major corporations, policy makers and the media. This study investigates the factors influencing “illegal” downloading of movies and TV series through P2P networks to gain a better understanding of downloaders. Specifically, it examines how social and ethical orientations of university students and their attitudes towards downloading impact on downloading intentions. The data analysis of 284 useable responses produced several significant relationships. Neutralisation theory and the theory of planned behavior are used to explain some of the results. Facilitating conditions and personal moral obligation were found to predict attitudes towards downloading. Personal moral obligation and attitudes towards downloading are also found to influence intentions to download. Findings derived from this study can provide useful managerial implications for marketers and policy makers to have a better understanding of down-loaders and help developed better measures to a problem which is likely to persist

Catch Me If You Can: Effectiveness and Consequences of Online Copyright Enforcement

We evaluate the unexpected shutdown of kino.to, a major platform for unlicensed video streaming in the German market. Using highly disaggregated clickstream data in a difference-in-differences setting, we compare the web behavior of 20,000 consumers in Germany and three control countries. We find that this intervention was not very effective in reducing unlicensed consumption or encouraging licensed consumption, mainly because users quickly switch to alternative unlicensed sites. We highlight that the shutdown additionally had important unintended externalities. Individuals who never visited kino.to and who additionally clicked on news articles that covered the shutdown increased their visits to piracy websites substantially. We show that this effect largely comes from articles that explicitly mention alternative websites or suggest that users do not have to fear legal consequences from unlicensed streaming. Finally, we document that the unlicensed video streaming market is much more fragmented after the shutdown, potentially affecting future interventions, at least in the short run. We argue that our results can be helpful to understand why online piracy rates are still high, despite a plethora of enforcement efforts

Catch me if you can: effectiveness and consequences of online copyright enforcement

We evaluate the unexpected shutdown of kino.to, a major platform for unlicensed video streaming in the German market. Using highly disaggregated clickstream data in a difference-in-differences setting, we compare the web behavior of 20,000 consumers in Germany and three control countries. We find that this intervention was not very effective in reducing unlicensed consumption or encouraging licensed consumption, mainly because users quickly switch to alternative unlicensed sites. We highlight that the shutdown additionally had important unintended externalities. Individuals who never visited kino.to and who additionally clicked on news articles that covered the shutdown increased their visits to piracy websites substantially. We show that this effect largely comes from articles that explicitly mention alternative websites or suggest that users do not have to fear legal consequences from unlicensed streaming. Finally, we document that the unlicensed video streaming market is much more fragmented after the shutdown, potentially affecting future interventions, at least in the short run.We argue that our results can be helpful to understand why online piracy rates are still high, despite a plethora of enforcement efforts.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Turning Pirates into Subscribers: A Status Quo Bias Perspective on Online Movie Service Switching Intention

This study aims to analyze the factors that influence a person's intention to use a subscription-based streaming service application using the perspective of the inertia of piracy movie application users. This study investigates the factors that affect the inertia of movie piracy application users. The theory used is a combination of the status quo bias theory and coping theory. This research uses a quantitative approach and an online survey method for data collection. Data collection resulted in 378 responses that were subsequently analyzed using the covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) technique. It was found that inertia (the level of user inertia) negatively affects intention to use (the intention to use a subscription-based streaming service application) and convenience. In addition, convenience, perceived controllability (a person's level of control over the application), and morality positively influence intention to use. Furthermore, it was also found that perceived cost and personalization do not affect the intention to use. Inertia is also positively and significantly influenced by the transition cost (effort to move). The factors that have the highest correlation values are transition cost and inertia. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2022-06-05-06 Full Text: PD

Profiling movie downloaders in Egypt: Law awareness as an attitudinal factor

This study is aimed at determining the main antecedents of the intention to illegally download movies in Egypt. This study examined the role of law awareness in forming the attitude toward illegal downloading and the methods downloaders use to rationalize their act. A model was proposed based on the planned behavior, neutralization and deterrence theories. A sample of 384 Mass Communication students at Cairo University was surveyed. The findings showed that law awareness does not play a direct role in forming attitudes toward movie illegal downloading. Even though the more illegal downloaders were aware of the illegality of movie copyright infringement, the more they perceived the law as deterrent; they continued downloading movies. The results also indicated that perceived deterrence has no direct correlation with attitude. The results showed that downloaders with lower levels of law awareness needed to rationalize their piracy act, which may indicate that they are aware of the immorality of their act regardless of its illegality. In addition, limiting access to movies and failing to provide more legitimate venues may cause more favorable attitude toward the illegal downloading which may represent one of the very few choices left to movie fans. Furthermore, attitude was found to be the strongest determinant of illegal downloading intention. Moreover, the current findings showed that movie downloaders perceived movie piracy as an easy act. The fight against piracy should include non-downloaders also, since this study showed that the societal acceptance was another driving force for movie piracy

Measuring Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights

© Crown Copyright 2014. You may re-use this information (excluding logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view this licence, visit http://www.nationalarchives.gov. uk/doc/open-government-licence/ Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concernedThe review is wide-ranging in scope and overall our findings evidence a lack of appreciation among those producing research for the high-level principles of measurement and assessment of scale. To date, the approaches adopted by industry seem more designed for internal consumption and are usually contingent on particular technologies and/or sector perspectives. Typically, there is a lack of transparency in the methodologies and data used to form the basis of claims, making much of this an unreliable basis for policy formulation. The research approaches we found are characterised by a number of features that can be summarised as a preference for reactive approaches that look to establish snapshots of an important issue at the time of investigation. Most studies are ad hoc in nature and on the whole we found a lack of sustained longitudinal approaches that would develop the appreciation of change. Typically the studies are designed to address specific hypotheses that might serve to support the position of the particular commissioning body. To help bring some structure to this area, we propose a framework for the assessment of the volume of infringement in each different area. The underlying aim is to draw out a common approach wherever possible in each area, rather than being drawn initially to the differences in each field. We advocate on-going survey tracking of the attitudes, perceptions and, where practical, behaviours of both perpetrators and claimants in IP infringement. Clearly, the nature of perpetrators, claimants and enforcement differs within each IPR but in our view the assessment for each IPR should include all of these elements. It is important to clarify that the key element of the survey structure is the adoption of a survey sampling methodology and smaller volumes of representative participation. Once selection is given the appropriate priority, a traditional offline survey will have a part to play, but as the opportunity arises, new technological methodologies, particularly for the voluntary monitoring of online behaviour, can add additional detail to the overall assessment of the scale of activity. This framework can be applied within each of the IP right sectors: copyright, trademarks,patents, and design rights. It may well be that the costs involved with this common approach could be mitigated by a syndicated approach to the survey elements. Indeed, a syndicated approach has a number of advantages in addition to cost. It could be designed to reduce any tendency either to hide inappropriate/illegal activity or alternatively exaggerate its volume to fit with the theme of the survey. It also has the scope to allow for monthly assessments of attitudes rather than being vulnerable to unmeasured seasonal impacts