Translation and human-computer interaction

This paper seeks to characterise translation as a form of human-computer interaction. The evolution of translator-computer interaction is explored and the challenges and benefits are enunciated. The concept of cognitive ergonomics is drawn on to argue for a more caring and inclusive approach towards the translator by developers of translation technology. A case is also made for wider acceptance by the translation community of the benefits of the technology at their disposal and for more humanistic research on the impact of technology on the translator, the translation profession and the translation process

Cross-Comparison of Climate Change adaptation Strategies Across Large River Basins in Europe, Africa and Asia

A cross-comparison of climate change adaptation strategies across regions was performed, considering six large river basins as case study areas. Three of the basins, namely the Elbe, Guadiana, and Rhine, are located in Europe, the Nile Equatorial Lakes region and the Orange basin are in Africa, and the Amudarya basin is in Central Asia. The evaluation was based mainly on the opinions of policy makers and water management experts in the river basins. The adaptation strategies were evaluated considering the following issues: expected climate change, expected climate change impacts, drivers for development of adaptation strategy, barriers for adaptation, state of the implementation of a range of water management measures, and status of adaptation strategy implementation. The analysis of responses and cross-comparison were performed with rating the responses where possible. According to the expert opinions, there is an understanding in all six regions that climate change is happening. Different climate change impacts are expected in the basins, whereas decreasing annual water availability, and increasing frequency and intensity of droughts (and to a lesser extent floods) are expected in all of them. According to the responses, the two most important drivers for development of adaptation strategy are: climate-related disasters, and national and international policies. The following most important barriers for adaptation to climate change were identified by responders: spatial and temporal uncertainties in climate projections, lack of adequate financial resources, and lack of horizontal cooperation. The evaluated water resources management measures are on a relatively high level in the Elbe and Rhine basins, followed by the Orange and Guadiana. It is lower in the Amudarya basin, and the lowest in the NEL region, where many measures are only at the planning stage. Regarding the level of adaptation strategy implementation, it can be concluded that the adaptation to climate change has started in all basins, but progresses rather slowl

A Simplified All-ZVS Strategy for High-Frequency Triple Active Bridge Converters with Designed Magnetizing Inductance

The triple active bridge (TAB) converters that integrates the on-board charger and the auxiliary power module is ideally suited for producing a high-power density electric vehicle (EV) charger. As the power coupling among each port complicates the TAB's mode analysis, it is challenging to avoid a compromise with high-efficient operation and the wide-applicability of soft-switching operation in the TAB modulation technique. In this work, the influence of the transformer's magnetizing inductance is introduced into the analysis of the TAB converter for simplifying the realization of zero voltage switching (ZVS), and in this way, the power conversion efficiency of TAB operating in high-frequency can be improved. Drawing on the working principles of a single dual active bridge (DAB) converter and the linear superposition theorem, a simplified four-phase modulation (FPM) scheme for the TAB converter is proposed in this article, which is computationally stress-free, featuring low switching and conduction loss characteristics. By combining the FPM scheme with the tuning of the magnetizing inductance value, the ZVS operation of all switches can be readily achieved without imposing extra computational burden. This is particularly advantageous for time-intensive scenarios such as those found in the application of EVs. In addition, the ZVS process of the TAB converter is thoroughly studied and unified to simplify the calculation of ZVS current and required dead time, enabling the identification of the optimal magnetizing inductance value. The proposed optimization solution is introduced, studied, validated, and benchmarked in a 2.5 kW/100 kHz SiC-based TAB prototype, whose operating parameters are tailored to EVs application and peak efficiency reaches 96.3% at a partial load.</p

Maintenance Scheduling in Power Electronic Converters Considering Wear-out Failures

Power electronic converters are one of failure sources in energy systems, and hence drivers of downtime costs in power systems. Different approaches can be employed for converter reliability enhancement including design/control for reliability methods, condition monitoring and fault diagnosis, and maintenance strategies. This paper proposes optimal preventive maintenance strategies based on wear-out failure model of converter components. The proposed approaches employ two different performance measures at converter-level and system-level. The converter-level measures take into account planned and unplanned maintenance times or costs in a single unit or small-scale system. Moreover, the system-level measure considers not only maintenance times, but also energy losses and additional maintenance costs induced by aging of the converter components. The outcome is optimal replacement time of converter and its components, which depends on the employed performance measure. Optimal replacement scheduling is of importance for risk management and decision-making during planning of modern power electronic based power systems. The applicability of the proposed approaches is illustrated by numerical analysis in a photovoltaic system

Design of Integrated Hybrid Configuration of Modular Multilevel Converter and Marx Generator to Generate Complex Waveforms for Dielectric Testing of Grid Assets

This article proposes a new configuration of a modular multilevel converter (MMC) and a Marx generator to generate fast-rising impulse waveforms. This new configuration improves the capabilities of the MMC-based high voltage arbitrary wave shape generator to generate fast-rising impulse since the MMC topology faces many inherent limitations. Similar to the conventional superimposed circuit of the ac transformer or dc rectifier circuit with the Marx generator, three hybrid circuits of MMC and the Marx generator are introduced, where the most optimal choice is made considering the practical aspects of testing, such as the size, cost, and preparation time. Then, a detailed analytical study is performed on the Marx generator circuit and the MMC circuit, and both circuits are coupled together to deliver a complete guideline on choosing various system parameters when the impulse wave shape and the load capacitor are given. The concept of this new hybrid configuration is demonstrated with a scaled-down prototype where the impulse with a rise time of 1 μs is superimposed on different arbitrary wave shapes. Similarly, the MATLAB-Simulink simulation model validates the proposed configuration for a 200, k V dc link voltage and 67 submodules with the desired impulse performance.</p

Modeling and simulation of inductive-based wireless power transmission systems

This chapter studies an inductive-based wireless power transfer system for low-power applications at short distances. The transferring power system has been modeled, simulated and analyzed via finite element method. A wireless power transfer system includes important parts such as coil, core and driver. In this chapter, the important parts of an inductive power transfer system have been analyzed. Receiving and transmitting printed spiral coils are designed in an optimized procedure. The experimental results were in a good agreement with the simulation results. Moreover, based on the performed modulation and simulation the use of the pot core as the receiving core is proposed. It is concluded that this type of core can improve magnetic flux density in the receiving side. Different geometries of coils for transmitting side have been modeled and simulated. An electromagnetic analysis has been done; the experimental result was in a good agreement with the simulation result. This work presents an efficient perspective to coil design