877 research outputs found
The cockpit for the 21st century
Interactive surfaces are a growing trend in many domains. As one possible manifestation of Mark Weiserâs vision of ubiquitous and disappearing computers in everywhere objects, we see touchsensitive screens in many kinds of devices, such as smartphones, tablet computers and interactive tabletops. More advanced concepts of these have been an active research topic for many years. This has also influenced automotive cockpit development: concept cars and recent market releases show integrated touchscreens, growing in size. To meet the increasing information and interaction needs, interactive surfaces offer context-dependent functionality in combination with a direct input paradigm.
However, interfaces in the car need to be operable while driving. Distraction, especially visual distraction from the driving task, can lead to critical situations if the sum of attentional demand emerging from both primary and secondary task overextends the available resources. So far, a touchscreen requires a lot of visual attention since its flat surface does not provide any haptic feedback. There have been approaches to make direct touch interaction accessible while driving for simple tasks. Outside the automotive domain, for example in office environments, concepts for sophisticated handling of large displays have already been introduced. Moreover, technological advances lead to new characteristics for interactive surfaces by enabling arbitrary surface shapes.
In cars, two main characteristics for upcoming interactive surfaces are largeness and shape. On the one hand, spatial extension is not only increasing through larger displays, but also by taking objects in the surrounding into account for interaction. On the other hand, the flatness inherent in current screens can be overcome by upcoming technologies, and interactive surfaces can therefore provide haptically distinguishable surfaces. This thesis describes the systematic exploration of large and shaped interactive surfaces and analyzes their potential for interaction while driving. Therefore, different prototypes for each characteristic have been developed and evaluated in test settings suitable for their maturity level. Those prototypes were used to obtain subjective user feedback and objective data, to investigate effects on driving and glance behavior as well as usability and user experience.
As a contribution, this thesis provides an analysis of the development of interactive surfaces in the car. Two characteristics, largeness and shape, are identified that can improve the interaction compared to conventional touchscreens. The presented studies show that large interactive surfaces can provide new and improved ways of interaction both in driver-only and driver-passenger situations. Furthermore, studies indicate a positive effect on visual distraction when additional static haptic feedback is provided by shaped interactive surfaces. Overall, various, non-exclusively applicable, interaction concepts prove the potential of interactive surfaces for the use in automotive cockpits, which is expected to be beneficial also in further environments where visual attention needs to be focused on additional tasks.Der Einsatz von interaktiven OberflĂ€chen weitet sich mehr und mehr auf die unterschiedlichsten Lebensbereiche aus. Damit sind sie eine mögliche AusprĂ€gung von Mark Weisers Vision der allgegenwĂ€rtigen Computer, die aus unserer direkten Wahrnehmung verschwinden. Bei einer Vielzahl von technischen GerĂ€ten des tĂ€glichen Lebens, wie Smartphones, Tablets oder interaktiven Tischen, sind berĂŒhrungsempfindliche OberflĂ€chen bereits heute in Benutzung. Schon seit vielen Jahren arbeiten Forscher an einer Weiterentwicklung der Technik, um ihre Vorteile auch in anderen Bereichen, wie beispielsweise der Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Automobil, nutzbar zu machen. Und das mit Erfolg: Interaktive BenutzeroberflĂ€chen werden mittlerweile serienmĂ€Ăig in vielen Fahrzeugen eingesetzt. Der Einbau von immer gröĂeren, in das Cockpit integrierten Touchscreens in Konzeptfahrzeuge zeigt, dass sich diese Entwicklung weiter in vollem Gange befindet. Interaktive OberflĂ€chen ermöglichen das flexible Anzeigen von kontextsensitiven Inhalten und machen eine direkte Interaktion mit den Bildschirminhalten möglich. Auf diese Weise erfĂŒllen sie die sich wandelnden Informations- und InteraktionsbedĂŒrfnisse in besonderem MaĂe.
Beim Einsatz von Bedienschnittstellen im Fahrzeug ist die gefahrlose Benutzbarkeit wĂ€hrend der Fahrt von besonderer Bedeutung. Insbesondere visuelle Ablenkung von der Fahraufgabe kann zu kritischen Situationen fĂŒhren, wenn PrimĂ€r- und SekundĂ€raufgaben mehr als die insgesamt verfĂŒgbare Aufmerksamkeit des Fahrers beanspruchen. Herkömmliche Touchscreens stellen dem Fahrer bisher lediglich eine flache OberflĂ€che bereit, die keinerlei haptische RĂŒckmeldung bietet, weshalb deren Bedienung besonders viel visuelle Aufmerksamkeit erfordert. Verschiedene AnsĂ€tze ermöglichen dem Fahrer, direkte Touchinteraktion fĂŒr einfache Aufgaben wĂ€hrend der Fahrt zu nutzen. AuĂerhalb der Automobilindustrie, zum Beispiel fĂŒr BĂŒroarbeitsplĂ€tze, wurden bereits verschiedene Konzepte fĂŒr eine komplexere Bedienung groĂer Bildschirme vorgestellt. DarĂŒber hinaus fĂŒhrt der technologische Fortschritt zu neuen möglichen AusprĂ€gungen interaktiver OberflĂ€chen und erlaubt, diese beliebig zu formen.
FĂŒr die nĂ€chste Generation von interaktiven OberflĂ€chen im Fahrzeug wird vor allem an der Modifikation der Kategorien GröĂe und Form gearbeitet. Die Bedienschnittstelle wird nicht nur durch gröĂere Bildschirme erweitert, sondern auch dadurch, dass Objekte wie Dekorleisten in die Interaktion einbezogen werden können. Andererseits heben aktuelle Technologieentwicklungen die Restriktion auf flache OberflĂ€chen auf, so dass Touchscreens kĂŒnftig ertastbare Strukturen aufweisen können. Diese Dissertation beschreibt die systematische Untersuchung groĂer und nicht-flacher interaktiver OberflĂ€chen und analysiert ihr Potential fĂŒr die Interaktion wĂ€hrend der Fahrt. Dazu wurden fĂŒr jede Charakteristik verschiedene Prototypen entwickelt und in Testumgebungen entsprechend ihres Reifegrads evaluiert. Auf diese Weise konnten subjektives Nutzerfeedback und objektive Daten erhoben, und die Effekte auf Fahr- und Blickverhalten sowie Nutzbarkeit untersucht werden.
Diese Dissertation leistet den Beitrag einer Analyse der Entwicklung von interaktiven OberflĂ€chen im Automobilbereich. Weiterhin werden die Aspekte GröĂe und Form untersucht, um mit ihrer Hilfe die Interaktion im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Touchscreens zu verbessern. Die durchgefĂŒhrten Studien belegen, dass groĂe FlĂ€chen neue und verbesserte Bedienmöglichkeiten bieten können. AuĂerdem zeigt sich ein positiver Effekt auf die visuelle Ablenkung, wenn zusĂ€tzliches statisches, haptisches Feedback durch nicht-flache OberflĂ€chen bereitgestellt wird. Zusammenfassend zeigen verschiedene, untereinander kombinierbare Interaktionskonzepte das Potential interaktiver OberflĂ€chen fĂŒr den automotiven Einsatz. Zudem können die Ergebnisse auch in anderen Bereichen Anwendung finden, in denen visuelle Aufmerksamkeit fĂŒr andere Aufgaben benötigt wird
The cockpit for the 21st century
Interactive surfaces are a growing trend in many domains. As one possible manifestation of Mark Weiserâs vision of ubiquitous and disappearing computers in everywhere objects, we see touchsensitive screens in many kinds of devices, such as smartphones, tablet computers and interactive tabletops. More advanced concepts of these have been an active research topic for many years. This has also influenced automotive cockpit development: concept cars and recent market releases show integrated touchscreens, growing in size. To meet the increasing information and interaction needs, interactive surfaces offer context-dependent functionality in combination with a direct input paradigm.
However, interfaces in the car need to be operable while driving. Distraction, especially visual distraction from the driving task, can lead to critical situations if the sum of attentional demand emerging from both primary and secondary task overextends the available resources. So far, a touchscreen requires a lot of visual attention since its flat surface does not provide any haptic feedback. There have been approaches to make direct touch interaction accessible while driving for simple tasks. Outside the automotive domain, for example in office environments, concepts for sophisticated handling of large displays have already been introduced. Moreover, technological advances lead to new characteristics for interactive surfaces by enabling arbitrary surface shapes.
In cars, two main characteristics for upcoming interactive surfaces are largeness and shape. On the one hand, spatial extension is not only increasing through larger displays, but also by taking objects in the surrounding into account for interaction. On the other hand, the flatness inherent in current screens can be overcome by upcoming technologies, and interactive surfaces can therefore provide haptically distinguishable surfaces. This thesis describes the systematic exploration of large and shaped interactive surfaces and analyzes their potential for interaction while driving. Therefore, different prototypes for each characteristic have been developed and evaluated in test settings suitable for their maturity level. Those prototypes were used to obtain subjective user feedback and objective data, to investigate effects on driving and glance behavior as well as usability and user experience.
As a contribution, this thesis provides an analysis of the development of interactive surfaces in the car. Two characteristics, largeness and shape, are identified that can improve the interaction compared to conventional touchscreens. The presented studies show that large interactive surfaces can provide new and improved ways of interaction both in driver-only and driver-passenger situations. Furthermore, studies indicate a positive effect on visual distraction when additional static haptic feedback is provided by shaped interactive surfaces. Overall, various, non-exclusively applicable, interaction concepts prove the potential of interactive surfaces for the use in automotive cockpits, which is expected to be beneficial also in further environments where visual attention needs to be focused on additional tasks.Der Einsatz von interaktiven OberflĂ€chen weitet sich mehr und mehr auf die unterschiedlichsten Lebensbereiche aus. Damit sind sie eine mögliche AusprĂ€gung von Mark Weisers Vision der allgegenwĂ€rtigen Computer, die aus unserer direkten Wahrnehmung verschwinden. Bei einer Vielzahl von technischen GerĂ€ten des tĂ€glichen Lebens, wie Smartphones, Tablets oder interaktiven Tischen, sind berĂŒhrungsempfindliche OberflĂ€chen bereits heute in Benutzung. Schon seit vielen Jahren arbeiten Forscher an einer Weiterentwicklung der Technik, um ihre Vorteile auch in anderen Bereichen, wie beispielsweise der Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Automobil, nutzbar zu machen. Und das mit Erfolg: Interaktive BenutzeroberflĂ€chen werden mittlerweile serienmĂ€Ăig in vielen Fahrzeugen eingesetzt. Der Einbau von immer gröĂeren, in das Cockpit integrierten Touchscreens in Konzeptfahrzeuge zeigt, dass sich diese Entwicklung weiter in vollem Gange befindet. Interaktive OberflĂ€chen ermöglichen das flexible Anzeigen von kontextsensitiven Inhalten und machen eine direkte Interaktion mit den Bildschirminhalten möglich. Auf diese Weise erfĂŒllen sie die sich wandelnden Informations- und InteraktionsbedĂŒrfnisse in besonderem MaĂe.
Beim Einsatz von Bedienschnittstellen im Fahrzeug ist die gefahrlose Benutzbarkeit wĂ€hrend der Fahrt von besonderer Bedeutung. Insbesondere visuelle Ablenkung von der Fahraufgabe kann zu kritischen Situationen fĂŒhren, wenn PrimĂ€r- und SekundĂ€raufgaben mehr als die insgesamt verfĂŒgbare Aufmerksamkeit des Fahrers beanspruchen. Herkömmliche Touchscreens stellen dem Fahrer bisher lediglich eine flache OberflĂ€che bereit, die keinerlei haptische RĂŒckmeldung bietet, weshalb deren Bedienung besonders viel visuelle Aufmerksamkeit erfordert. Verschiedene AnsĂ€tze ermöglichen dem Fahrer, direkte Touchinteraktion fĂŒr einfache Aufgaben wĂ€hrend der Fahrt zu nutzen. AuĂerhalb der Automobilindustrie, zum Beispiel fĂŒr BĂŒroarbeitsplĂ€tze, wurden bereits verschiedene Konzepte fĂŒr eine komplexere Bedienung groĂer Bildschirme vorgestellt. DarĂŒber hinaus fĂŒhrt der technologische Fortschritt zu neuen möglichen AusprĂ€gungen interaktiver OberflĂ€chen und erlaubt, diese beliebig zu formen.
FĂŒr die nĂ€chste Generation von interaktiven OberflĂ€chen im Fahrzeug wird vor allem an der Modifikation der Kategorien GröĂe und Form gearbeitet. Die Bedienschnittstelle wird nicht nur durch gröĂere Bildschirme erweitert, sondern auch dadurch, dass Objekte wie Dekorleisten in die Interaktion einbezogen werden können. Andererseits heben aktuelle Technologieentwicklungen die Restriktion auf flache OberflĂ€chen auf, so dass Touchscreens kĂŒnftig ertastbare Strukturen aufweisen können. Diese Dissertation beschreibt die systematische Untersuchung groĂer und nicht-flacher interaktiver OberflĂ€chen und analysiert ihr Potential fĂŒr die Interaktion wĂ€hrend der Fahrt. Dazu wurden fĂŒr jede Charakteristik verschiedene Prototypen entwickelt und in Testumgebungen entsprechend ihres Reifegrads evaluiert. Auf diese Weise konnten subjektives Nutzerfeedback und objektive Daten erhoben, und die Effekte auf Fahr- und Blickverhalten sowie Nutzbarkeit untersucht werden.
Diese Dissertation leistet den Beitrag einer Analyse der Entwicklung von interaktiven OberflĂ€chen im Automobilbereich. Weiterhin werden die Aspekte GröĂe und Form untersucht, um mit ihrer Hilfe die Interaktion im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Touchscreens zu verbessern. Die durchgefĂŒhrten Studien belegen, dass groĂe FlĂ€chen neue und verbesserte Bedienmöglichkeiten bieten können. AuĂerdem zeigt sich ein positiver Effekt auf die visuelle Ablenkung, wenn zusĂ€tzliches statisches, haptisches Feedback durch nicht-flache OberflĂ€chen bereitgestellt wird. Zusammenfassend zeigen verschiedene, untereinander kombinierbare Interaktionskonzepte das Potential interaktiver OberflĂ€chen fĂŒr den automotiven Einsatz. Zudem können die Ergebnisse auch in anderen Bereichen Anwendung finden, in denen visuelle Aufmerksamkeit fĂŒr andere Aufgaben benötigt wird
From Manual Driving to Automated Driving: A Review of 10 Years of AutoUI
This paper gives an overview of the ten-year devel- opment of the papers presented at the International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (AutoUI) from 2009 to 2018. We categorize the topics into two main groups, namely, manual driving-related research and automated driving-related re- search. Within manual driving, we mainly focus on studies on user interfaces (UIs), driver states, augmented reality and head-up displays, and methodology; Within automated driv- ing, we discuss topics, such as takeover, acceptance and trust, interacting with road users, UIs, and methodology. We also discuss the main challenges and future directions for AutoUI and offer a roadmap for the research in this area.https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153959/1/From Manual Driving to Automated Driving: A Review of 10 Years of AutoUI.pdfDescription of From Manual Driving to Automated Driving: A Review of 10 Years of AutoUI.pdf : Main articl
Studying Person-Specific Pointing and Gaze Behavior for Multimodal Referencing of Outside Objects from a Moving Vehicle
Hand pointing and eye gaze have been extensively investigated in automotive
applications for object selection and referencing. Despite significant
advances, existing outside-the-vehicle referencing methods consider these
modalities separately. Moreover, existing multimodal referencing methods focus
on a static situation, whereas the situation in a moving vehicle is highly
dynamic and subject to safety-critical constraints. In this paper, we
investigate the specific characteristics of each modality and the interaction
between them when used in the task of referencing outside objects (e.g.
buildings) from the vehicle. We furthermore explore person-specific differences
in this interaction by analyzing individuals' performance for pointing and gaze
patterns, along with their effect on the driving task. Our statistical analysis
shows significant differences in individual behaviour based on object's
location (i.e. driver's right side vs. left side), object's surroundings,
driving mode (i.e. autonomous vs. normal driving) as well as pointing and gaze
duration, laying the foundation for a user-adaptive approach
A Framework For Abstracting, Designing And Building Tangible Gesture Interactive Systems
This thesis discusses tangible gesture interaction, a novel paradigm for interacting with computer that blends concepts from the more popular fields of tangible interaction and gesture interaction. Taking advantage of the human innate abilities to manipulate physical objects and to communicate through gestures, tangible gesture interaction is particularly interesting for interacting in smart environments, bringing the interaction with computer beyond the screen, back to the real world. Since tangible gesture interaction is a relatively new field of research, this thesis presents a conceptual framework that aims at supporting future work in this field. The Tangible Gesture Interaction Framework provides support on three levels. First, it helps reflecting from a theoretical point of view on the different types of tangible gestures that can be designed, physically, through a taxonomy based on three components (move, hold and touch) and additional attributes, and semantically, through a taxonomy of the semantic constructs that can be used to associate meaning to tangible gestures. Second, it helps conceiving new tangible gesture interactive systems and designing new interactions based on gestures with objects, through dedicated guidelines for tangible gesture definition and common practices for different application domains. Third, it helps building new tangible gesture interactive systems supporting the choice between four different technological approaches (embedded and embodied, wearable, environmental or hybrid) and providing general guidance for the different approaches. As an application of this framework, this thesis presents also seven tangible gesture interactive systems for three different application domains, i.e., interacting with the In-Vehicle Infotainment System (IVIS) of the car, the emotional and interpersonal communication, and the interaction in a smart home. For the first application domain, four different systems that use gestures on the steering wheel as interaction means with the IVIS have been designed, developed and evaluated. For the second application domain, an anthropomorphic lamp able to recognize gestures that humans typically perform for interpersonal communication has been conceived and developed. A second system, based on smart t-shirts, recognizes when two people hug and reward the gesture with an exchange of digital information. Finally, a smart watch for recognizing gestures performed with objects held in the hand in the context of the smart home has been investigated. The analysis of existing systems found in literature and of the system developed during this thesis shows that the framework has a good descriptive and evaluative power. The applications developed during this thesis show that the proposed framework has also a good generative power.Questa tesi discute lâinterazione gestuale tangibile, un nuovo paradigma per interagire con il computer che unisce i principi dei piĂč comuni campi di studio dellâinterazione tangibile e dellâinterazione gestuale. Sfruttando le abilitĂ innate dellâuomo di manipolare oggetti fisici e di comunicare con i gesti, lâinterazione gestuale tangibile si rivela particolarmente interessante per interagire negli ambienti intelligenti, riportando lâattenzione sul nostro mondo reale, al di lĂ dello schermo dei computer o degli smartphone. PoichĂ© lâinterazione gestuale tangibile Ăš un campo di studio relativamente recente, questa tesi presenta un framework (quadro teorico) che ha lo scopo di assistere lavori futuri in questo campo. Il Framework per lâInterazione Gestuale Tangibile fornisce supporto su tre livelli. Per prima cosa, aiuta a riflettere da un punto di vista teorico sui diversi tipi di gesti tangibili che possono essere eseguiti fisicamente, grazie a una tassonomia basata su tre componenti (muovere, tenere, toccare) e attributi addizionali, e che possono essere concepiti semanticamente, grazie a una tassonomia di tutti i costrutti semantici che permettono di associare dei significati ai gesti tangibili. In secondo luogo, il framework proposto aiuta a concepire nuovi sistemi interattivi basati su gesti tangibili e a ideare nuove interazioni basate su gesti con gli oggetti, attraverso linee guida per la definizione di gesti tangibili e una selezione delle migliore pratiche per i differenti campi di applicazione. Infine, il framework aiuta a implementare nuovi sistemi interattivi basati su gesti tangibili, permettendo di scegliere tra quattro differenti approcci tecnologici (incarnato e integrato negli oggetti, indossabile, distribuito nellâambiente, o ibrido) e fornendo una guida generale per la scelta tra questi differenti approcci. Come applicazione di questo framework, questa tesi presenta anche sette sistemi interattivi basati su gesti tangibili, realizzati per tre differenti campi di applicazione: lâinterazione con i sistemi di infotainment degli autoveicoli, la comunicazione interpersonale delle emozioni, e lâinterazione nella casa intelligente. Per il primo campo di applicazione, sono stati progettati, sviluppati e testati quattro differenti sistemi che usano gesti tangibili effettuati sul volante come modalitĂ di interazione con il sistema di infotainment. Per il secondo campo di applicazione, Ăš stata concepita e sviluppata una lampada antropomorfica in grado di riconoscere i gesti tipici dellâinterazione interpersonale. Per lo stesso campo di applicazione, un secondo sistema, basato su una maglietta intelligente, riconosce quando due persone si abbracciano e ricompensa questo gesto con uno scambio di informazioni digitali. Infine, per lâinterazione nella casa intelligente, Ăš stata investigata la realizzazione di uno smart watch per il riconoscimento di gesti eseguiti con oggetti tenuti nella mano. Lâanalisi dei sistemi interattivi esistenti basati su gesti tangibili permette di dimostrare che il framework ha un buon potere descrittivo e valutativo. Le applicazioni sviluppate durante la tesi mostrano che il framework proposto ha anche un valido potere generativo
Realistic Interaction with Virtual Objects within Arm's Reach
The automotive industry requires realistic virtual reality applications more than other domains to increase the efficiency of product development. Currently, the visual quality of virtual invironments resembles reality, but interaction within these environments is usually far from what is known in everyday life. Several realistic research approaches exist, however they are still not all-encompassing enough to be usable in industrial processes. This thesis realizes lifelike direct multi-hand and multi-finger interaction with arbitrary objects, and proposes algorithmic and technical improvements that also approach lifelike usability. In addition, the thesis proposes methods to measure the effectiveness and usability of such interaction techniques as well as discusses different types of grasping feedback that support the user during interaction. Realistic and reliable interaction is reached through the combination of robust grasping heuristics and plausible pseudophysical object reactions. The easy-to-compute grasping rules use the objectsâ surface normals, and mimic human grasping behavior. The novel concept of Normal Proxies increases grasping stability and diminishes challenges induced by adverse normals. The intricate act of picking-up thin and tiny objects remains challenging for some users. These cases are further supported by the consideration of finger pinches, which are measured with a specialized finger tracking device. With regard to typical object constraints, realistic object motion is geometrically calculated as a plausible reaction on user input. The resulting direct finger-based
interaction technique enables realistic and intuitive manipulation of arbitrary objects. The thesis proposes two methods that prove and compare effectiveness and usability. An expert review indicates that experienced users quickly familiarize themselves with the technique. A quantitative and qualitative user study shows that direct finger-based interaction is preferred over indirect interaction in the context of functional car assessments. While controller-based interaction is more robust, the direct finger-based interaction provides greater realism, and becomes nearly as reliable when the pinch-sensitive mechanism is used. At present, the haptic channel is not used in industrial virtual reality applications. That is why it can be used for grasping feedback which improves the usersâ understanding of the grasping situation. This thesis realizes a novel pressure-based tactile feedback at the fingertips. As an alternative, vibro-tactile feedback at the same location is realized as well as visual feedback by the coloring of grasp-involved finger segments. The feedback approaches are also compared within the user study, which reveals that grasping feedback is a requirement to judge grasp status and that tactile feedback improves interaction independent of the used display system. The considerably stronger vibrational tactile feedback can quickly become annoying during interaction. The interaction improvements and hardware enhancements make it possible to interact with virtual objects in a realistic and reliable manner. By addressing realism and reliability, this thesis paves the way for the virtual evaluation of human-object interaction, which is necessary for a broader application of virtual environments in the automotive industry and other domains.StĂ€rker als andere Branchen benötigt die Automobilindustrie realistische Virtual Reality Anwendungen fĂŒr eine effiziente Produktentwicklung. WĂ€hrend sich die visuelle QualitĂ€t virtueller Darstellungen bereits der RealitĂ€t angenĂ€hert hat, ist die Interaktion mit virtuellen Umgebungen
noch weit vom tĂ€glichen Erleben der Menschen entfernt. Einige ForschungsansĂ€tze haben sich mit realistischer Interaktion befasst, gehen aber nicht weit genug, um in industriellen Prozessen eingesetzt zu werden. Diese Arbeit realisiert eine lebensnahe mehrhĂ€ndige und fingerbasierte Interaktion mit beliebigen Objekten. Dabei ermöglichen algorithmische und technische Verbesserungen eine realitĂ€tsnahe Usability. AuĂerdem werden Methoden fĂŒr die Evaluation dieser Interaktionstechnik vorgestellt und benutzerunterstĂŒtzende Greiffeedbackarten diskutiert.
Die verlĂ€ssliche und gleichzeitig realistische Interaktion wird durch die Kombination von robusten Greifheuristiken und pseudophysikalischen Objektreaktionen erreicht. Die das menschliche Greifverhalten nachbildenden Greifregeln basieren auf den OberflĂ€chennormalen der Objekte. Die Reduktion negativer EinflĂŒsse verfĂ€lschter Normalen und eine höhere GriffstabilitĂ€t werden durch das neuartige Konzept der Normal Proxies erreicht. Dennoch bleibt fĂŒr manche Nutzer das Aufnehmen von dĂŒnnen und kleinen Objekten problematisch. Diese FĂ€lle werden zusĂ€tzlich durch die Einbeziehung von FingerberĂŒhrungen unterstĂŒtzt, die mit einem speziellen Fingertracking GerĂ€t erfasst werden. Plausible Objektreaktionen auf Benutzereingaben werden unter BerĂŒcksichtigung typischer ObjekteinschrĂ€nkungen geometrisch berechnet.
Die Arbeit schlÀgt zwei Methoden zur Evaluierung der fingerbasierten Interaktion vor. Ein Expertenreview zeigt, dass sich erfahrene Benutzer sehr schnell in die Technik einfinden. In einer Benutzerstudie wird nachgewiesen, dass fingerbasierte Interaktion im hier untersuchten Kontext vor indirekter Interaktion mit einem EingabegerÀt bevorzugt wird. WÀhrend letztere robuster zu handhaben ist, stellt die fingerbasierte Interaktion einen deutlich höheren Realismus bereit und erreicht mit den vorgeschlagenen Verbesserungen eine vergleichbare VerlÀsslichkeit.
Um Greifsituationen transparent zu gestalten, realisiert diese Arbeit ein neuartiges druckbasiertes taktiles Feedback an den Fingerspitzen. Alternativ wird ein vibrotaktiles Feedback am gleichen Ort realisiert und visuelles Feedback durch die EinfÀrbung der griffbeteiligten Fingersegmente umgesetzt. Die verschiedenen FeedbackansÀtze werden in der Benutzerstudie verglichen. Dabei wird Greiffeedback als Voraussetzung identifiziert, um den Greifzustand zu beurteilen. Taktiles Feedback verbessert dabei die Interaktion unabhÀngig vom eingesetzten Display. Das merklich stÀrkere Vibrationsfeedback kann wÀhrend der Interaktion störend wirken.
Die vorgestellten Interaktionsverbesserungen und Hardwareerweiterungen ermöglichen es, mit virtuellen Objekten auf realistische und zuverlĂ€ssige Art zu interagieren. Indem die Arbeit Realismus und VerlĂ€sslichkeit gleichzeitig adressiert, bereitet sie den Boden fĂŒr die virtuelle Untersuchung von Mensch-Objekt Interaktionen und ermöglicht so einen breiteren Einsatz virtueller Techniken in der Automobilindustrie und in anderen Bereichen
Realistic Interaction with Virtual Objects within Arm's Reach
The automotive industry requires realistic virtual reality applications more than other domains to increase the efficiency of product development. Currently, the visual quality of virtual invironments resembles reality, but interaction within these environments is usually far from what is known in everyday life. Several realistic research approaches exist, however they are still not all-encompassing enough to be usable in industrial processes. This thesis realizes lifelike direct multi-hand and multi-finger interaction with arbitrary objects, and proposes algorithmic and technical improvements that also approach lifelike usability. In addition, the thesis proposes methods to measure the effectiveness and usability of such interaction techniques as well as discusses different types of grasping feedback that support the user during interaction. Realistic and reliable interaction is reached through the combination of robust grasping heuristics and plausible pseudophysical object reactions. The easy-to-compute grasping rules use the objectsâ surface normals, and mimic human grasping behavior. The novel concept of Normal Proxies increases grasping stability and diminishes challenges induced by adverse normals. The intricate act of picking-up thin and tiny objects remains challenging for some users. These cases are further supported by the consideration of finger pinches, which are measured with a specialized finger tracking device. With regard to typical object constraints, realistic object motion is geometrically calculated as a plausible reaction on user input. The resulting direct finger-based
interaction technique enables realistic and intuitive manipulation of arbitrary objects. The thesis proposes two methods that prove and compare effectiveness and usability. An expert review indicates that experienced users quickly familiarize themselves with the technique. A quantitative and qualitative user study shows that direct finger-based interaction is preferred over indirect interaction in the context of functional car assessments. While controller-based interaction is more robust, the direct finger-based interaction provides greater realism, and becomes nearly as reliable when the pinch-sensitive mechanism is used. At present, the haptic channel is not used in industrial virtual reality applications. That is why it can be used for grasping feedback which improves the usersâ understanding of the grasping situation. This thesis realizes a novel pressure-based tactile feedback at the fingertips. As an alternative, vibro-tactile feedback at the same location is realized as well as visual feedback by the coloring of grasp-involved finger segments. The feedback approaches are also compared within the user study, which reveals that grasping feedback is a requirement to judge grasp status and that tactile feedback improves interaction independent of the used display system. The considerably stronger vibrational tactile feedback can quickly become annoying during interaction. The interaction improvements and hardware enhancements make it possible to interact with virtual objects in a realistic and reliable manner. By addressing realism and reliability, this thesis paves the way for the virtual evaluation of human-object interaction, which is necessary for a broader application of virtual environments in the automotive industry and other domains.StĂ€rker als andere Branchen benötigt die Automobilindustrie realistische Virtual Reality Anwendungen fĂŒr eine effiziente Produktentwicklung. WĂ€hrend sich die visuelle QualitĂ€t virtueller Darstellungen bereits der RealitĂ€t angenĂ€hert hat, ist die Interaktion mit virtuellen Umgebungen
noch weit vom tĂ€glichen Erleben der Menschen entfernt. Einige ForschungsansĂ€tze haben sich mit realistischer Interaktion befasst, gehen aber nicht weit genug, um in industriellen Prozessen eingesetzt zu werden. Diese Arbeit realisiert eine lebensnahe mehrhĂ€ndige und fingerbasierte Interaktion mit beliebigen Objekten. Dabei ermöglichen algorithmische und technische Verbesserungen eine realitĂ€tsnahe Usability. AuĂerdem werden Methoden fĂŒr die Evaluation dieser Interaktionstechnik vorgestellt und benutzerunterstĂŒtzende Greiffeedbackarten diskutiert.
Die verlĂ€ssliche und gleichzeitig realistische Interaktion wird durch die Kombination von robusten Greifheuristiken und pseudophysikalischen Objektreaktionen erreicht. Die das menschliche Greifverhalten nachbildenden Greifregeln basieren auf den OberflĂ€chennormalen der Objekte. Die Reduktion negativer EinflĂŒsse verfĂ€lschter Normalen und eine höhere GriffstabilitĂ€t werden durch das neuartige Konzept der Normal Proxies erreicht. Dennoch bleibt fĂŒr manche Nutzer das Aufnehmen von dĂŒnnen und kleinen Objekten problematisch. Diese FĂ€lle werden zusĂ€tzlich durch die Einbeziehung von FingerberĂŒhrungen unterstĂŒtzt, die mit einem speziellen Fingertracking GerĂ€t erfasst werden. Plausible Objektreaktionen auf Benutzereingaben werden unter BerĂŒcksichtigung typischer ObjekteinschrĂ€nkungen geometrisch berechnet.
Die Arbeit schlÀgt zwei Methoden zur Evaluierung der fingerbasierten Interaktion vor. Ein Expertenreview zeigt, dass sich erfahrene Benutzer sehr schnell in die Technik einfinden. In einer Benutzerstudie wird nachgewiesen, dass fingerbasierte Interaktion im hier untersuchten Kontext vor indirekter Interaktion mit einem EingabegerÀt bevorzugt wird. WÀhrend letztere robuster zu handhaben ist, stellt die fingerbasierte Interaktion einen deutlich höheren Realismus bereit und erreicht mit den vorgeschlagenen Verbesserungen eine vergleichbare VerlÀsslichkeit.
Um Greifsituationen transparent zu gestalten, realisiert diese Arbeit ein neuartiges druckbasiertes taktiles Feedback an den Fingerspitzen. Alternativ wird ein vibrotaktiles Feedback am gleichen Ort realisiert und visuelles Feedback durch die EinfÀrbung der griffbeteiligten Fingersegmente umgesetzt. Die verschiedenen FeedbackansÀtze werden in der Benutzerstudie verglichen. Dabei wird Greiffeedback als Voraussetzung identifiziert, um den Greifzustand zu beurteilen. Taktiles Feedback verbessert dabei die Interaktion unabhÀngig vom eingesetzten Display. Das merklich stÀrkere Vibrationsfeedback kann wÀhrend der Interaktion störend wirken.
Die vorgestellten Interaktionsverbesserungen und Hardwareerweiterungen ermöglichen es, mit virtuellen Objekten auf realistische und zuverlĂ€ssige Art zu interagieren. Indem die Arbeit Realismus und VerlĂ€sslichkeit gleichzeitig adressiert, bereitet sie den Boden fĂŒr die virtuelle Untersuchung von Mensch-Objekt Interaktionen und ermöglicht so einen breiteren Einsatz virtueller Techniken in der Automobilindustrie und in anderen Bereichen
ì°šëì© í€ëì ëì€íë ìŽ ì€êłì êŽí ìžê°êł”í ì°ê”Ź
íìë
ŒëŹž (ë°ìŹ) -- ììžëíê” ëíì : êł”êłŒëí ì°ì
êł”íêłŒ, 2020. 8. ë°ì°ì§.Head-up display (HUD) systems were introduced into the automobile industry as a means for improving driving safety. They superimpose safety-critical information on top of the drivers forward field of view and thereby help drivers keep their eyes forward while driving. Since the first introduction about three decades ago, automotive HUDs have been available in various commercial vehicles.
Despite the long history and potential benefits of automotive HUDs, however, the design of useful automotive HUDs remains a challenging problem. In an effort to contribute to the design of useful automotive HUDs, this doctoral dissertation research conducted four studies.
In Study 1, the functional requirements of automotive HUDs were investigated by reviewing the major automakers' automotive HUD products, academic research studies that proposed various automotive HUD functions, and previous research studies that surveyed drivers HUD information needs. The review results indicated that: 1) the existing commercial HUDs perform largely the same functions as the conventional in-vehicle displays, 2) past research studies proposed various HUD functions for improving driver situation awareness and driving safety, 3) autonomous driving and other new technologies are giving rise to new HUD information, and 4) little research is currently available on HUD users perceived information needs. Based on the review results, this study provides insights into the functional requirements of automotive HUDs and also suggests some future research directions for automotive HUD design.
In Study 2, the interface design of automotive HUDs for communicating safety-related information was examined by reviewing the existing commercial HUDs and display concepts proposed by academic research studies. Each display was analyzed in terms of its functions, behaviors and structure. Also, related human factors display design principles, and, empirical findings on the effects of interface design decisions were reviewed when information was available. The results indicated that: 1) information characteristics suitable for the contact-analog and unregistered display formats, respectively, are still largely unknown, 2) new types of displays could be developed by combining or mixing existing displays or display elements at both the information and interface element levels, and 3) the human factors display principles need to be used properly according to the situation and only to the extent that the resulting display respects the limitations of the human information processing, and achieving balance among the principles is important to an effective design. On the basis of the review results, this review suggests design possibilities and future research directions on the interface design of safety-related automotive HUD systems.
In Study 3, automotive HUD-based take-over request (TOR) displays were developed and evaluated in terms of drivers take-over performance and visual scanning behavior in a highly automated driving situation. Four different types of TOR displays were comparatively evaluated through a driving simulator study - they were: Baseline (an auditory beeping alert), Mini-map, Arrow, and Mini-map-and-Arrow. Baseline simply alerts an imminent take-over, and was always included when the other three displays were provided. Mini-map provides situational information. Arrow presents the action direction information for the take-over. Mini-map-and-Arrow provides the action direction together with the relevant situational information. This study also investigated the relationship between drivers initial trust in the TOR displays and take-over and visual scanning behavior. The results indicated that providing a combination of machine-made decision and situational information, such as Mini-map-and-Arrow, yielded the best results overall in the take-over scenario. Also, drivers initial trust in the TOR displays was found to have significant associations with the take-over and visual behavior of drivers. The higher trust group primarily relied on the proposed TOR displays, while the lower trust group tended to more check the situational information through the traditional displays, such as side-view or rear-view mirrors.
In Study 4, the effect of interactive HUD imagery location on driving and secondary task performance, driver distraction, preference, and workload associated with use of scrolling list while driving were investigated. A total of nine HUD imagery locations of full-windshield were examined through a driving simulator study. The results indicated the HUD imagery location affected all the dependent measures, that is, driving and task performance, drivers visual distraction, preference and workload. Considering both objective and subjective evaluations, interactive HUDs should be placed near the driver's line of sight, especially near the left-bottom on the windshield.ìëì°š í€ëì
ëì€íë ìŽë ì°šëŽ ëì€íë ìŽ ì€ íëëĄ ìŽì ììêČ íìí ì ëłŽë„Œ ì ë°©ì íìíšìŒëĄìš, ìŽì ìê° ìŽì ì íë ëì ì ë°©ìŒëĄ ìì ì ì ì§í ì ìêČ ëìì€ë€. ìŽë„Œ í”íŽ ìŽì ìì ìŁŒì ë¶ì°ì ì€ìŽêł , ìì ì í„ììí€ëë° ëììŽ ë ì ìë€. ìëì°š í€ëì
ëì€íë ìŽ ìì€í
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ì ìŽì ìì ìì ì í„ììí€êž° ìí ìëšìŒëĄ ìëì°š ì°ì
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ë ìŽëëĄ íìŹêčì§ ë€ìí ìì©ì°šìì ìŹì©ëêł ìë€. ìì êłŒ ížì ìžĄë©Žìì ìëì°š í€ëì
ëì€íë ìŽì ìŹì©ì ì ì ë ìŠê°í êČìŒëĄ ììëë€.
ê·žëŹë ìŽëŹí ìëì°š í€ëì
ëì€íë ìŽì ì ìŹì ìŽì êłŒ ë°ì ê°ë„ì±ìë ë¶ê”Źíêł , ì ì©í ìëì°š í€ëì
ëì€íë ìŽë„Œ ì€êłíë êČì ìŹì í ìŽë €ìŽ 돞ì ìŽë€. ìŽì ëłž ì°ê”Źë ìŽëŹí 돞ì ë„Œ íŽêČ°íêł , ê¶ê·čì ìŒëĄ ì ì©í ìëì°š í€ëì
ëì€íë ìŽ ì€êłì êž°ìŹíêł ì ìŽ 4ê°ì§ ì°ê”Źë„Œ ìííìë€.
ìČ« ëČ짞 ì°ê”Źë ìëì°š í€ëì
ëì€íë ìŽì êž°ë„ ìê”Ź ìŹíêłŒ êŽë šë êČìŒëĄì, í€ëì
ëì€íë ìŽ ìì€í
ì í”íŽ ìŽë€ ì ëłŽë„Œ ì êł”í êČìžê°ì ëí ë”ì ê”Źíêł ì íìë€. ìŽì ìŁŒì ìëì°š ì ìĄ°ì
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ëì€íë ìŽ ì íë€êłŒ, ìëì°š í€ëì
ëì€íë ìŽì ë€ìí êž°ë„ë€ì ì ìí íì ì°ê”Ź, ê·žëŠŹêł ìŽì ìì ì 볎 ìê”Ź ìŹíë€ì ìČŽêłì 돞í êł ì°° ë°©ëČëĄ ì í”íŽ íŹêŽì ìŒëĄ ìĄ°ìŹíìë€. ìëì°š í€ëì
ëì€íë ìŽì êž°ë„ì ìê”Ź ìŹíì ëíìŹ ê°ë°ì, ì°ê”Źì, ìŹì©ì ìžĄë©Žì ëȘšë êł ë €í í”í©ë ì§ìì ì ëŹíêł , ìŽë„Œ í”íŽ ìëì°š í€ëì
ëì€íë ìŽì êž°ë„ ìê”Ź ìŹíì ëí í„í ì°ê”Ź ë°©í„ì ì ìíìë€.
ë ëČ짞 ì°ê”Źë ìì êŽë š ì ëłŽë„Œ ì êł”íë ìëì°š í€ëì
ëì€íë ìŽì ìží°íìŽì€ ì€êłì êŽë šë êČìŒëĄ, í€ëì
ëì€íë ìŽ ìì€í
ì í”íŽ ìì êŽë š ì ëłŽë„Œ ìŽë»êČ ì êł”í êČìžê°ì ëí ë”ì ê”Źíêł ì íìë€. ì€ì ìëì°šë€ì í€ëì
ëì€íë ìŽ ìì€í
ììë ìŽë€ ëì€íë ìŽ ì»šì
ë€ìŽ ìŹì©ëìëì§, ê·žëŠŹêł íêłìì ì ìë ëì€íë ìŽ ì»šì
ë€ìë ìŽë€ êČë€ìŽ ìëì§ ìČŽêłì 돞í êł ì°° ë°©ëČëĄ ì í”íŽ êČí íìë€. êČí ë êČ°êłŒë ê° ëì€íë ìŽì êž°ë„êłŒ ê”ŹìĄ°, ê·žëŠŹêł ìë ë°©ìì ë°ëŒ ì 늏ëìêł , êŽë šë ìžê°êł”íì ëì€íë ìŽ ì€êł ììčêłŒ ì€íì ì°ê”Ź êČ°êłŒë€ì íšê» êČí íìë€. êČí ë êČ°êłŒë„Œ ë°íìŒëĄ ìì êŽë š ì ëłŽë„Œ ì êł”íë ìëì°š í€ëì
ëì€íë ìŽì ìží°íìŽì€ ì€êłì ëí í„í ì°ê”Ź ë°©í„ì ì ìíìë€.
ìž ëČ짞 ì°ê”Źë ìëì°š í€ëì
ëì€íë ìŽ êž°ë°ì ì ìŽê¶ ì í êŽë š ìží°íìŽì€ ì€êłì íê°ì êŽí êČìŽë€. ì ìŽê¶ ì íìŽë, ììšìŁŒí ìíìì ìŽì ìê° ì§ì ìŽì ì íë ìë ìŽì ìíëĄ ì íìŽ ëë êČì ì믞íë€. ë°ëŒì ê°ìì€ë° ì ìŽê¶ ì í ììČìŽ ë°ìíë êČœì°, ìŽì ìê° ìì íêČ ëìČíêž° ìíŽìë ëč ë„ž ìí© íì
êłŒ ììŹ êČ°ì ìŽ íìíêČ ëêł , ìŽë„Œ íšêłŒì ìŒëĄ ëììŁŒêž° ìí ìží°íìŽì€ ì€êłì ëíŽ ì°ê”Źí íìì±ìŽ ìë€. ìŽì ëłž ì°ê”Źììë ìëì°š í€ëì
ëì€íë ìŽ êž°ë°ì ìŽ 4ê°ì ì ìŽê¶ ì í êŽë š ëì€íë ìŽ(êž°ì€ ëì€íë ìŽ, 믞ë맔 ëì€íë ìŽ, íìŽí ëì€íë ìŽ, 믞ëë§”êłŒ íìŽí ëì€íë ìŽ)ë„Œ ì ìíìêł , ì ìë ëì€íë ìŽ ëìë€ì ìŁŒí ì럏ë ìŽí° ì€íì í”íŽ ì ìŽê¶ ì í ìí ë„ë „êłŒ ìê”Źì ìì§ì íšíŽ, ê·žëŠŹêł ìŹì©ìì ìŁŒêŽì íê° ìžĄë©Žìì íê°ëìë€. ëí ì ìë ëì€íë ìŽ ëìë€ì ëíŽ ìŽì ìë€ì ìŽêž° ì ëą°ë ê°ì ìžĄì íìŹ ê° ëì€íë ìŽì ë°ë„ž ìŽì ìë€ì íê· ì ëą°ë ì ìì ë°ëŒ ì ìŽê¶ ì í ìí ë„ë „êłŒ ìê”Źì ìì§ì íšíŽ, ê·žëŠŹêł ìŁŒêŽì íê°ê° ìŽë»êČ ëŹëŒì§ëì§ ë¶ìíìë€. ì€í êČ°êłŒ, ì ìŽê¶ ì í ìí©ìì ìëíë ìì€í
ìŽ ì ìíë ì 볎ì ê·žì êŽë šë ìŁŒëł ìí© ì ëłŽë„Œ íšê» ì ìíŽ ìŁŒë ëì€íë ìŽê° ê°ì„ ìąì êČ°êłŒë„Œ 볎ìŹìŁŒìë€. ëí ê° ëì€íë ìŽì ëí ìŽì ìì ìŽêž° ì ëą°ë ì ìë ëì€íë ìŽì ì€ì ìŹì© ííì ë°ì í êŽë šìŽ ììì ì ì ììë€. ì ëą°ë ì ìì ë°ëŒ ì ëą°ëê° ëì ê·žëŁčêłŒ ëźì ê·žëŁčìŒëĄ ë¶ë„ëìêł , ì ëą°ëê° ëì ê·žëŁčì ì ìë ëì€íë ìŽë€ìŽ 볎ìŹìŁŒë ì ëłŽë„Œ ìŁŒëĄ ëŻżêł ë°ë„Žë êČœí„ìŽ ììë ë°ë©Ž, ì ëą°ëê° ëźì ê·žëŁčì 룞 믞ëŹë ìŹìŽë 믞ëŹë„Œ í”íŽ ìŁŒëł ìí© ì ëłŽë„Œ ë íìž íë êČœí„ì 볎ìë€.
ë€ ëČ짞 ì°ê”Źë ì ë©Ž ì ëŠŹì°œììì ìží°ëí°ëž í€ëì
ëì€íë ìŽì ì”ì ììčë„Œ êČ°ì íë êČìŒëĄì ìŁŒí ì럏ë ìŽí° ì€íì í”íŽ ëì€íë ìŽì ììčì ë°ëŒ ìŽì ìì ìŁŒí ìí ë„ë „, ìží°ëí°ëž ëì€íë ìŽ ìĄ°ì êŽë š êłŒì
ìí ë„ë „, ìê°ì ìŁŒì ë¶ì°, ì ížë, ê·žëŠŹêł ìì
ë¶íê° íê°ëìë€. í€ëì
ëì€íë ìŽì ììčë ì ë©Ž ì ëŠŹì°œìì ìŒì í ê°êČ©ìŒëĄ ìŽ 9ê°ì ììčê° êł ë €ëìë€. ëłž ì°ê”Źìì íì©ë ìží°ëí°ëž ëì€íë ìŽë ìì
ì íì ìí ì€íŹëĄ€ ë°©ìì ëšìŒ ëì€íë ìŽìêł , ìŽì ëì ì„ì°©ë ëČíŒì í”íŽ ëì€íë ìŽë„Œ ìĄ°ìíìë€. ì€í êČ°êłŒ, ìží°ëí°ëž í€ëì
ëì€íë ìŽì ììčê° ëȘšë íê° ìČë, ìŠ ìŁŒí ìí ë„ë „, ëì€íë ìŽ ìĄ°ì êłŒì
ìí ë„ë „, ìê°ì ìŁŒì ë¶ì°, ì ížë, ê·žëŠŹêł ìì
ë¶íì ìí„ì 믞ìčšì ì ì ììë€. ëȘšë íê° ì§íë„Œ êł ë €íì ë, ìží°ëí°ëž í€ëì
ëì€íë ìŽì ììčë ìŽì ìê° ëë°ëĄ ì ë°©ì ë°ëŒëłŒ ëì ììŒ ê”Źê°, ìŠ ì ë©Ž ì ëŠŹì°œììì ìŒìȘœ ìë ë¶ê·ŒìŽ ê°ì„ ì”ì ìž êČìŒëĄ ëíëŹë€.Abstract i
Contents v
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Research Objectives and Questions 8
1.3 Structure of the Thesis 11
Chapter 2 Functional Requirements of Automotive Head-Up Displays: A Systematic Review of Literature from 1994 to Present 13
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Method 15
2.3 Results 17
2.3.1 Information Types Displayed by Existing Commercial Automotive HUD Systems 17
2.3.2 Information Types Previously Suggested for Automotive HUDs by Research Studies 28
2.3.3 Information Types Required by Drivers (users) for Automotive HUDs and Their Relative Importance 35
2.4 Discussion 39
2.4.1 Information Types Displayed by Existing Commercial Automotive HUD Systems 39
2.4.2 Information Types Previously Suggested for Automotive HUDs by Research Studies 44
2.4.3 Information Types Required by Drivers (users) for Automotive HUDs and Their Relative Importance 48
Chapter 3 A Literature Review on Interface Design of Automotive Head-Up Displays for Communicating Safety-Related Information 50
3.1 Introduction 50
3.2 Method 52
3.3 Results 55
3.3.1 Commercial Automotive HUDs Presenting Safety-Related Information 55
3.3.2 Safety-Related HUDs Proposed by Academic Research 58
3.4 Discussion 74
Chapter 4 Development and Evaluation of Automotive Head-Up Displays for Take-Over Requests (TORs) in Highly Automated Vehicles 78
4.1 Introduction 78
4.2 Method 82
4.2.1 Participants 82
4.2.2 Apparatus 82
4.2.3 Automotive HUD-based TOR Displays 83
4.2.4 Driving Scenario 86
4.2.5 Experimental Design and Procedure 87
4.2.6 Experiment Variables 88
4.2.7 Statistical Analyses 91
4.3 Results 93
4.3.1 Comparison of the Proposed TOR Displays 93
4.3.2 Characteristics of Drivers Initial Trust in the four TOR Displays 102
4.3.3 Relationship between Drivers Initial Trust and Take-over and Visual Behavior 104
4.4 Discussion 113
4.4.1 Comparison of the Proposed TOR Displays 113
4.4.2 Characteristics of Drivers Initial Trust in the four TOR Displays 116
4.4.3 Relationship between Drivers Initial Trust and Take-over and Visual Behavior 117
4.5 Conclusion 119
Chapter 5 Human Factors Evaluation of Display Locations of an Interactive Scrolling List in a Full-windshield Automotive Head-Up Display System 121
5.1 Introduction 121
5.2 Method 122
5.2.1 Participants 122
5.2.2 Apparatus 123
5.2.3 Experimental Tasks and Driving Scenario 123
5.2.4 Experiment Variables 124
5.2.5 Experimental Design and Procedure 126
5.2.6 Statistical Analyses 126
5.3 Results 127
5.4 Discussion 133
5.5 Conclusion 135
Chapter 6 Conclusion 137
6.1 Summary and Implications 137
6.2 Future Research Directions 139
Bibliography 143
Apeendix A. Display Layouts of Some Commercial HUD Systems
Appendix B. Safety-related Displays Provided by the Existing Commercial HUD Systems
Appendix C. Safety-related HUD displays Proposed by Academic Research
ê”돞ìŽëĄ 187Docto
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