Mass Consumption in Milwaukee: 1920-1970

This study focuses on mass consumption\u27s role in the development of the city of Milwaukee. This study\u27s main focus is on the mid-twentieth century, though this case study will look at mass consumption\u27s role in Milwaukee from its founding to the present. Mass consumption focuses on the actions of buying and selling and how consumer options reflected the city\u27s general development. After studying the composition of Milwaukee\u27s population and income levels, the story of mass consumption in Milwaukee will be told through studying how automobiles and food were bought and sold, as well as how other assorted shopping venues affected the city. This dissertation illustrates that over the course of the twentieth century, mass consumption in Milwaukee was guided by assorted innovations. Automobiles gave consumers the ability to travel lengthy distances in a relatively short time while carrying large quantities of goods. At the start of the twentieth century, cars were an expensive novelty. By 1970, automobiles were ubiquitous. In 1920, most Milwaukeeans bought their food from small grocery stores in their neighborhoods. Fifty years later, large supermarkets catered to most of the city\u27s consumers. Milwaukee\u27s major shopping venues changed dramatically over the course of half a century. Early in the 1900\u27s, Milwaukee\u27s major shopping venues were mainly department stores located in the downtown business district. Late in the century, the most prominent consumption locations were massive shopping centers and malls spaced throughout the city. This study also briefly points to the ways in which mass consumption affected the use of space in Milwaukee. As Milwaukee grew and expanded, retail operations followed. As in most American cities, Milwaukee\u27s residential communities (which often included several small stores) as well as a once-bustling downtown business district, were gradually decentralized. As a result, new shopping venues were created to support consumer residential patterns. Changing patterns and venues of mass consumption re-sculpted the city and metropolitan area of Milwaukee. Between 1920 and 1970, Milwaukee\u27s economic history can be divided into four main eras, which may be titled as follows: boom (the 1920\u27s), bust (the Great Depression), war (WWII), and prosperity (the post-war era)

E-business industry developments - 2001/02; Audit risk alerts

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aicpa_indev/1695/thumbnail.jp

Understanding business valuation : a practical guide to valuing small to medium-sized businesses

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aicpa_guides/1592/thumbnail.jp

Can Upward Brand Extensions be an Opportunity for Marketing Managers During the Covid-19 Pandemic and Beyond?

Early COVID-19 research has guided current managerial practice by introducing more products across different product categories as consumers tried to avoid perceived health risks from food shortages, i.e. horizontal brand extensions. For example, Leon, a fast-food restaurant in the UK, introduced a new range of ready meal products. However, when the food supply stabilised, availability may no longer be a concern for consumers. Instead, job losses could be a driver of higher perceived financial risks. Meanwhile, it remains unknown whether the perceived health or financial risks play a more significant role on consumers’ consumptions. Our preliminary survey shows perceived health risks outperform perceived financial risks to positively influence purchase intention during COVID-19. We suggest such a result indicates an opportunity for marketers to consider introducing premium priced products, i.e. upward brand extensions. The risk-as�feelings and signalling theories were used to explain consumer choice under risk may adopt affective heuristic processing, using minimal cognitive efforts to evaluate products. Based on this, consumers are likely to be affected by the salient high-quality and reliable product cue of upward extension signalled by its premium price level, which may attract consumers to purchase when they have high perceived health risks associated with COVID-19. Addressing this, a series of experimental studies confirm that upward brand extensions (versus normal new product introductions) can positively moderate the positive effect between perceived health risks associated with COVID-19 and purchase intention. Such an effect can be mediated by affective heuristic information processing. The results contribute to emergent COVID-19 literature and managerial practice during the pandemic but could also inform post-pandemic thinking around vertical brand extensions

Understanding business valuation : a practical guide to valuing small to medium-sized businesses

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aicpa_guides/1607/thumbnail.jp

Understanding business valuation : a practical guide to valuing small to medium-sized businesses

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aicpa_guides/2736/thumbnail.jp

Federal Register

Daily publication of the U.S. Office of the Federal Register contains rules and regulations, proposed legislation and rule changes, and other notices, including "Presidential proclamations and Executive Orders, Federal agency documents having general applicability and legal effect, documents required to be published by act of Congress, and other Federal agency documents of public interest" (p. ii). Table of Contents starts on page iii

Three essays on the economics of cybersecurity

The rapid growth of digitization has made cybersecurity a critical area for corporations, markets, and governments. The rise in cybersecurity investments and sweeping changes in the regulatory environment raise new economic questions — related to the impacts of cybersecurity investments, innovations, and legislation — that are yet to be answered. Focusing on the limited supply of cybersecurity labor, which has fallen behind the large demand for cybersecurity, Essay 1 studies how cybersecurity labor impacts the value of major infrastructural cyber investments. Moving beyond the ways to leverage cyberinfrastructure and labor, Essay 2 sheds light on the impact of the increasing pressure to pursue development and innovation in the cybersecurity area. This essay examines the bottom-line value of a prevalent type of innovative initiatives, i.e., corporate venture capital (CVC) investment in cybersecurity startups. Essays 1 and 2 heavily focus on the value proposition of cybersecurity investments in corporations. While both essays consider the cybersecurity legislation as exogenous variations instigating further demand for cybersecurity products and innovations, Essay 3 links a widely-adopted cybersecurity law, i.e., security breach notification law (SBNL), to the broader economic demand for general IT services. Compliance costs of cybersecurity legislation raise the barrier for general digitization initiatives, thus decreasing the demand for digitization and negatively impact general IT service providers, the main suppliers of digital goods and services. A difference-in-difference study examines how passages of SBNLs impact the employment of general IT service providers. Overall, the dissertation highlights a) the importance of cybersecurity labor in leveraging cybersecurity infrastructure, b) the business value of innovation in cybersecurity as an area that is predominantly believed to be costly but not value-generating, and c) the broader economic impacts of cybersecurity legislation. In doing so, the dissertation covers a wide range of institutional entities that both shape and are impacted by the cybersecurity ecosystem

Entrepreneurial opportunities and performance in franchising firms

For a field of social science to have usefulness, it must have a conceptual framework that explains and predicts a set of empirical phenomena not explained or predicted by conceptual frameworks already in existence in other fields (Shane 2000). This study explored entrepreneurial oppòrtunities within franchising. On the surface, franchising appears to create a system whose underpinnings are standardization, replication, and compliance with detailed long-term contracts--a seemigly unpromising environment in which to explore entrepreneurial opportunities. I argue that heterogeneity and organizational complexity exist among franchising firms, attributes overlooked in studies that characterized the phenomenon narrowly as a uniform, dyadic relationship between franchisors and franchisees. This study found that contractual provisions, franchisee obligations, and organizational hierarchies varied among franchises, and that a relationship existed between the presence of these attributes and differential performance among franchising firms. As a contractual relationship between distinct entities, franchising is governed by a variety of disclosure, trade, and intellectual property laws. Its contractual provisions and formal disclosure documents defme a formal context in which franchising is conducted. In addition to franchising's formal context, an operational realm also exists, one in which daily operations of franchised businesses take place. This study revealed that franchising's operational realm is not always contained within the defined limits of its formal agreements, suggesting greater franchisee discretion may exist than revealed in the agreement. As a result of organizational discontinuities in franchising's formal context, and franchisee discretion within its operational context, diverse opportunities for entrepreneurship exist within franchising beyond the birh of a franchisor's firm