18 research outputs found

    Direct position analysis of parallel manipulators which generate SP-2PS structures

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    The direct position analysis of parallel manipulators which generate SP-2PS structures is solved in closed form

    Simulation-Based Innovation and Discovery: Energetics Applications

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    Direct position analysis of parallel manipulators which generate SP-2PS structures

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    Conference Proceedings of the 3rd Biennial Symposium on Turbulence in Liquids

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    The Third Biennial Symposium on Turbulence in Liquids showed further progress in the investigator\u27s ability to measure turbulence parameters and in the general understanding of turbulence. The most impressive advances in measurement seemed to be the ability to measure deeper into the turbulent boundary layer in order to obtain profiles over the entire turbulence production region and the rapid development of conditioned-sampling techniques for studying hypotheses for mechanisms

    Remote Sensing

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    This dual conception of remote sensing brought us to the idea of preparing two different books; in addition to the first book which displays recent advances in remote sensing applications, this book is devoted to new techniques for data processing, sensors and platforms. We do not intend this book to cover all aspects of remote sensing techniques and platforms, since it would be an impossible task for a single volume. Instead, we have collected a number of high-quality, original and representative contributions in those areas

    Computational fluid dynamics multiscale modelling of bubbly flow. A critical study and new developments on volume of fluid, discrete element and two-fluid methods

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    The study and modelling of two-phase flow, even the simplest ones such as the bubbly flow, remains a challenge that requires exploring the physical phenomena from different spatial and temporal resolution levels. CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) is a widespread and promising tool for modelling, but nowadays, there is no single approach or method to predict the dynamics of these systems at the different resolution levels providing enough precision of the results. The inherent difficulties of the events occurring in this flow, mainly those related with the interface between phases, makes that low or intermediate resolution level approaches as system codes (RELAP, TRACE, ...) or 3D TFM (Two-Fluid Model) have significant issues to reproduce acceptable results, unless well-known scenarios and global values are considered. Instead, methods based on high resolution level such as Interfacial Tracking Method (ITM) or Volume Of Fluid (VOF) require a high computational effort that makes unfeasible its use in complex systems. In this thesis, an open-source simulation framework has been designed and developed using the OpenFOAM library to analyze the cases from microescale to macroscale levels. The different approaches and the information that is required in each one of them have been studied for bubbly flow. In the first part, the dynamics of single bubbles at a high resolution level have been examined through VOF. This technique has allowed to obtain accurate results related to the bubble formation, terminal velocity, path, wake and instabilities produced by the wake. However, this approach has been impractical for real scenarios with more than dozens of bubbles. Alternatively, this thesis proposes a CFD Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) technique, where each bubble is represented discretely. A novel solver for bubbly flow has been developed in this thesis. This includes a large number of improvements necessary to reproduce the bubble-bubble and bubble-wall interactions, turbulence, velocity seen by the bubbles, momentum and mass exchange term over the cells or bubble expansion, among others. But also new implementations as an algorithm to seed the bubbles in the system have been incorporated. As a result, this new solver gives more accurate results as the provided up to date. Following the decrease on resolution level, and therefore the required computational resources, a 3D TFM have been developed with a population balance equation solved with an implementation of the Quadrature Method Of Moments (QMOM). The solver is implemented with the same closure models as the CFD-DEM to analyze the effects involved with the lost of information due to the averaging of the instantaneous Navier-Stokes equation. The analysis of the results with CFD-DEM reveals the discrepancies found by considering averaged values and homogeneous flow in the models of the classical TFM formulation. Finally, for the lowest resolution level approach, the system code RELAP5/MOD3 is used for modelling the bubbly flow regime. The code has been modified to reproduce properly the two-phase flow characteristics in vertical pipes, comparing the performance of the calculation of the drag term based on drift-velocity and drag coefficient approaches.El estudio y modelado de flujos bif谩sicos, incluso los m谩s simples como el bubbly flow, sigue siendo un reto que conlleva aproximarse a los fen贸menos f铆sicos que lo rigen desde diferentes niveles de resoluci贸n espacial y temporal. El uso de c贸digos CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) como herramienta de modelado est谩 muy extendida y resulta prometedora, pero hoy por hoy, no existe una 煤nica aproximaci贸n o t茅cnica de resoluci贸n que permita predecir la din谩mica de estos sistemas en los diferentes niveles de resoluci贸n, y que ofrezca suficiente precisi贸n en sus resultados. La dificultad intr铆nseca de los fen贸menos que all铆 ocurren, sobre todo los ligados a la interfase entre ambas fases, hace que los c贸digos de bajo o medio nivel de resoluci贸n, como pueden ser los c贸digos de sistema (RELAP, TRACE, etc.) o los basados en aproximaciones 3D TFM (Two-Fluid Model) tengan serios problemas para ofrecer resultados aceptables, a no ser que se trate de escenarios muy conocidos y se busquen resultados globales. En cambio, c贸digos basados en alto nivel de resoluci贸n, como los que utilizan VOF (Volume Of Fluid), requirieren de un esfuerzo computacional tan elevado que no pueden ser aplicados a sistemas complejos. En esta tesis, mediante el uso de la librer铆a OpenFOAM se ha creado un marco de simulaci贸n de c贸digo abierto para analizar los escenarios desde niveles de resoluci贸n de microescala a macroescala, analizando las diferentes aproximaciones, as铆 como la informaci贸n que es necesaria aportar en cada una de ellas, para el estudio del r茅gimen de bubbly flow. En la primera parte se estudia la din谩mica de burbujas individuales a un alto nivel de resoluci贸n mediante el uso del m茅todo VOF (Volume Of Fluid). Esta t茅cnica ha permitido obtener resultados precisos como la formaci贸n de la burbuja, velocidad terminal, camino recorrido, estela producida por la burbuja e inestabilidades que produce en su camino. Pero esta aproximaci贸n resulta inviable para entornos reales con la participaci贸n de m谩s de unas pocas decenas de burbujas. Como alternativa, se propone el uso de t茅cnicas CFD-DEM (Discrete Element Methods) en la que se representa a las burbujas como part铆culas discretas. En esta tesis se ha desarrollado un nuevo solver para bubbly flow en el que se han a帽adido un gran n煤mero de nuevos modelos, como los necesarios para contemplar los choques entre burbujas o con las paredes, la turbulencia, la velocidad vista por las burbujas, la distribuci贸n del intercambio de momento y masas con el fluido en las diferentes celdas por cada una de las burbujas o la expansi贸n de la fase gaseosa entre otros. Pero tambi茅n se han tenido que incluir nuevos algoritmos como el necesario para inyectar de forma adecuada la fase gaseosa en el sistema. Este nuevo solver ofrece resultados con un nivel de resoluci贸n superior a los desarrollados hasta la fecha. Siguiendo con la reducci贸n del nivel de resoluci贸n, y por tanto los recursos computacionales necesarios, se efect煤a el desarrollo de un solver tridimensional de TFM en el que se ha implementado el m茅todo QMOM (Quadrature Method Of Moments) para resolver la ecuaci贸n de balance poblacional. El solver se desarrolla con los mismos modelos de cierre que el CFD-DEM para analizar los efectos relacionados con la p茅rdida de informaci贸n debido al promediado de las ecuaciones instant谩neas de Navier-Stokes. El an谩lisis de resultados de CFD-DEM permite determinar las discrepancias encontradas por considerar los valores promediados y el flujo homog茅neo de los modelos cl谩sicos de TFM. Por 煤ltimo, como aproximaci贸n de nivel de resoluci贸n m谩s bajo, se investiga el uso uso de c贸digos de sistema, utilizando el c贸digo RELAP5/MOD3 para analizar el modelado del flujo en condiciones de bubbly flow. El c贸digo es modificado para reproducir correctamente el flujo bif谩sico en tuber铆as verticales, comparando el comportamiento de aproximaciones para el c谩lculo del t茅rmino dL'estudi i modelatge de fluxos bif脿sics, fins i tot els m茅s simples com bubbly flow, segueix sent un repte que comporta aproximar-se als fen貌mens f铆sics que ho regeixen des de diferents nivells de resoluci贸 espacial i temporal. L'煤s de codis CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) com a eina de modelatge est脿 molt estesa i resulta prometedora, per貌 ara per ara, no existeix una 煤nica aproximaci贸 o t猫cnica de resoluci贸 que permeta predir la din脿mica d'aquests sistemes en els diferents nivells de resoluci贸, i que oferisca suficient precisi贸 en els seus resultats. Les dificultat intr铆nseques dels fen貌mens que all铆 ocorren, sobre tots els lligats a la interfase entre les dues fases, fa que els codis de baix o mig nivell de resoluci贸, com poden ser els codis de sistema (RELAP,TRACE, etc.) o els basats en aproximacions 3D TFM (Two-Fluid Model) tinguen seriosos problemes per a oferir resultats acceptables , llevat que es tracte d'escenaris molt coneguts i se persegueixen resultats globals. En canvi, codis basats en alt nivell de resoluci贸, com els que utilitzen VOF (Volume Of Fluid), requereixen d'un esfor莽 computacional tan elevat que no poden ser aplicats a sistemes complexos. En aquesta tesi, mitjan莽ant l'煤s de la llibreria OpenFOAM s'ha creat un marc de simulaci贸 de codi obert per a analitzar els escenaris des de nivells de resoluci贸 de microescala a macroescala, analitzant les diferents aproximacions, aix铆 com la informaci贸 que 茅s necess脿ria aportar en cadascuna d'elles, per a l'estudi del r猫gim de bubbly flow. En la primera part s'estudia la din脿mica de bambolles individuals a un alt nivell de resoluci贸 mitjan莽ant l'煤s del m猫tode VOF. Aquesta t猫cnica ha perm猫s obtenir resultats precisos com la formaci贸 de la bambolla, velocitat terminal, cam铆 recorregut, estela produida per la bambolla i inestabilitats que produeix en el seu cam铆. Per貌 aquesta aproximaci贸 resulta inviable per a entorns reals amb la participaci贸 de m茅s d'unes poques desenes de bambolles. Com a alternativa en aqueix cas es proposa l'煤s de t猫cniques CFD-DEM (Discrete Element Methods) en la qual es representa a les bambolles com a part铆cules discretes. En aquesta tesi s'ha desenvolupat un nou solver per a bubbly flow en el qual s'han afegit un gran nombre de nous models, com els necessaris per a contemplar els xocs entre bambolles o amb les parets, la turbul猫ncia, la velocitat vista per les bambolles, la distribuci贸 de l'intercanvi de moment i masses amb el fluid en les diferents cel路les per cadascuna de les bambolles o els models d'expansi贸 de la fase gasosa entre uns altres. Per貌 tamb茅 s'ha hagut d'incloure nous algoritmes com el necessari per a injectar de forma adequada la fase gasosa en el sistema. Aquest nou solver ofereix resultats amb un nivell de resoluci贸 superior als desenvolupat fins la data. Seguint amb la reducci贸 del nivell de resoluci贸, i per tant els recursos computacionals necessaris, s'efectua el desenvolupament d'un solver tridimensional de TFM en el qual s'ha implementat el m猫tode QMOM (Quadrature Method Of Moments) per a resoldre l'equaci贸 de balan莽 poblacional. El solver es desenvolupa amb els mateixos models de tancament que el CFD-DEM per a analitzar els efectes relacionats amb la p猫rdua d'informaci贸 a causa del promitjat de les equacions instant脿nies de Navier-Stokes. L'an脿lisi de resultats de CFD-DEM permet determinar les discrep脿ncies ocasionades per considerar els valors promitjats i el flux homogeni dels models cl脿ssics de TFM. Finalment, com a aproximaci贸 de nivell de resoluci贸 m茅s baix, s'analitza l'煤s de codis de sistema, utilitzant el codi RELAP5/MOD3 per a analitzar el modelatge del fluxos en r猫gim de bubbly flow. El codi 茅s modificat per a reproduir correctament les caracter铆stiques del flux bif脿sic en canonades verticals, comparant el comportament d'aproximacions per al c脿lcul del terme de drag basades en velocitat de drift flux model i de les basades en coePe帽a Monferrer, C. (2017). Computational fluid dynamics multiscale modelling of bubbly flow. A critical study and new developments on volume of fluid, discrete element and two-fluid methods [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Polit猫cnica de Val猫ncia. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90493TESI

    EPR investigation of stable and transient oxygen centred radicals over polycristalline titanium dioxide

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    Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (EPR) has been used to identify and characterise the nature of several oxygen centred radicals over the surface of noncrystalline TiC2. The observed radicals exhibit varying stabilities over the different polymorphs of TiO2 samples studied, namely mixed-phase P25, pure phase anatase and a pure rutile material. Paramagnetic Ti centres were formed by thermal treatment of Ti02 under vacuum. Following the addition of oxygen, the superoxide anion (O2') was formed and exhibited a distribution of sites on the surface. In particular, O2' preferentially stabilises at oxygen vacancies on the surface. However, the degree of site occupancy was found to be temperature dependent. Pronounced activity for vacancy stabilised anions under the influence of thermal, photochemical and chemical treatment was identified compared to non vacancy sites. Co-adsorption of a series of aliphatic and aromatic ketones and oxygen over P25, followed by low temperature (77K) UV irradiation led to the formation of a series of unstable (transient) alkylperoxy and peroxyacyl radicals. The sequential reaction of acetone with surface adsorbed superoxide anions was also found to result in the formation of an jacetone-02 (a) surface complex which was unstable at temperatures above 250K. Thermally produced Ti centres reacted with acetone to form an unstable organic intermediate. This species subsequently dissociated and underwent further reaction with oxygen to generate peroxy and peroxacyl radicals. The identities of these oxygen centred radicals were confirmed using isotopically enriched O2. Finally, results are presented on the work involved in the development of an Ultra-High Vacuum EPR spectrometer for investigation of paramagnetic species on single crystal oxide surfaces. Samples of Cu(acac)2 supported on quartz and TiC2 (l 10) were examined by EPR and XPS. The two techniques were combined to identify paramagnetic centres on the single crystals and to provide proof of concept in the operation of the spectrometer
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