IMPACTS OF EGYPTIAN SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ON DIETARY PATTERN AND ADEQUACY

Health and nutrition status including dietary adequacy are basic components of the human development and indicators for welfare in a certain community. The study focused upon how far a socio-economic environment would affect the dietary pattern and adequacy in Egypt. The current dietary pattern was compared with that before the economic reform adjustment, i.e. before 1986. Dietary adequacy of energy and protein was assessed to define the poverty line among urban and rural populations. The investigated changes in the socio-economic environment were income level, distribution, growth and price level by region; as well as demographic features of the household. Finally, the study discussed policy implications on both micro and macro level and provided recommendations to the decision-makers for how to secure adequate diet quantity-wise as well as quality-wise for poor categories and vulnerable groups among the Egyptian community.energy and protein intake, energy and protein requirements, Dietary Adequacy, Dietary Pattern, Income and Dietary Pattern, vulnerable groups, Income Distribution, Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Consumer/Household Economics, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty,

Exploring the relationship between dietary patterns, eating behaviour and fat taste detection thresholds : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand

Background: Dietary pattern analysis provides a unique opportunity to explore combinations of food intake in conjunction with factors known to affect dietary intake. Fat taste sensitivity is an emerging correlate of dietary intake and, when impaired, has a proposed role in the dysregulation of dietary intake and eating behaviours. Aim: To investigate dietary patterns, eating behaviours and fat taste detection thresholds in a group of New Zealand European women aged 19-45 years and identify associations between these factors. Methods: Fifty post-menarche, pre-menopausal New Zealand European (NZE) women, (18-40 years) completed a partially validated, semi-quantiative 220-item food frequency questionnaire and a validated Three-factor eating questionnaire. Height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) and a bioeletrical impedence analysis (BIA) was completed to measure body fat percentage (BF%). During sensory testing protocol participants were exposed to increasing concentrations of ultra-heat treatment (UHT) milk/oleic acid (OA) solutions using the three alternative forced choice method (3-AFC). A naïve OA detection threshold was determined at the point where the participant identified the OA solution correctly three times at the same concentration. Dietary patterns were determined using principal component factor analysis. Associations between dietary pattern scores, taste sensitivity, eating behaviour and baseline characteristics were investigated. Results: Three dietary patterns were identified: ‘unhealthy’, ‘healthy’ and ‘snacking’. Most women had low eating behaviour scores for cognitive restraint (90%) and disinhibition (74%). Hunger scores were comparatively higher, only 40% had low scores. Twenty-three participants (46%) were classified as hypersensitive and 54% were hyposensitive to OA taste. ‘Unhealthy’ pattern scores were inversely associated with cognitive restraint (r=.391, P=.005) and positively associated with age (r=.297, P=.036). ‘Healthy’ pattern scores were positively associated with cognitive restraint (r=.418, P=.003), OA taste detection thresholds (r=0.446, P=.001) and BMI (r=.325, P=.021). Women with low ‘snacking’ pattern scores were significantly older (31.7 years (24.7, 40.4)) than those with moderate scores (24.0 years (22.0, 28.1)) (P=.037). No relationship was found between OA taste detection thresholds and eating behaviour. Conclusion: Participants in this study showed a significant link between habitual dietary intake and measures for eating behaviour and fat taste sensitivity. Both ‘healthy’ and ‘unhealthy’ dietary patterns were associated with one, or both, of these factors. An unexpected positive association between the ‘healthy’ dietary pattern and fat taste sensitivity indicates a need for further investigation to better understand this relationship. Findings from the current study support the use of dietary patterns to better represent habitual intake in future research investigating fat taste sensitivity or eating behaviour. Key words: Habitual intake, dietary intake, fat taste sensitivity, cognitive restraint, disinhibition, hunge

Adolescent dietary patterns are associated with lifestyle family psycho-social factors

Background/ Objectives: Dietary intake during adolescence contributes to lifelong eating habits and the development of early risk factors for disease in adulthood. Few studies have examined the dietary patterns of adolescents and the social and environmental factors that may affect them during this life stage. The present study describes dietary patterns in a cohort of adolescents and examines their associations with socioeconomic factors, as well as parental and adolescent risk factor behaviours. Design: A semi quantitative FFQ was used to assess study adolescents’ usual dietary intake over the previous year. Information was collected on family functioning and various socio economic and risk factor variables via questionnaire. Adolescents visited the clinic for anthropometric measurements. Setting: The Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort Study (Raine Study), Perth, Western Australia. Subjects: Adolescents (n 1631) aged 14 years from a pregnancy cohort study. Results: Factor analysis identified two distinct dietary patterns that differed predominantly in fat and sugar intakes. The ‘Western’ pattern consisted of high intakes of take away foods, soft drinks, confectionery, French fries, refined grains, full fat dairy products and processed meats. The ‘Healthy’’ pattern included high intakes of whole grains, fruit, vegetables, legumes and fish. ANOVA showed that the ‘Western’ dietary pattern was positively associated with greater television viewing and having a parent that smoked, and was inversely associated with family income. The ‘Healthy’’ pattern was positively associated with female gender, greater maternal education, better family functioning and being in a two parent family, and was inversely associated with television viewing. Conclusions: This study suggests that both lifestyle factors and family psycho social environment are related to eating patterns in Australian adolescents

'Mediterranean' dietary pattern for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease

It is well established that diet plays a major role in cardiovascular disease risk. The traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern is of particular interest because of observations from the 1960s that populations in countries of the Mediterranean region, such as Greece and Italy, had lower mortality from cardiovascular disease compared with northern European populations or the US, probably as a result of different eating habits. This review assessed the effects of providing dietary advice to follow a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern to healthy adults or people at increased risk of cardiovascular disease in order to prevent the occurrence of cardiovascular disease and reduce the risk factors associated with it. Definitions of a Mediterranean dietary pattern vary and we included only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions that reported at least two of the following components: (1) high monounsaturated/saturated fat ratio, (2) low to moderate red wine consumption, (3) high consumption of legumes, (4) high consumption of grains and cereals, (5) high consumption of fruits and vegetables, (6) low consumption of meat and meat products and increased consumption of fish, and (7) moderate consumption of milk and dairy products. The control group was no intervention or minimal intervention. We found 11 RCTs (15 papers) that met these criteria. The trials varied enormously in the participants recruited and the different dietary interventions. Four trials were conducted in women only, two trials were in men only and the remaining five were in both men and women. Five trials were conducted in healthy individuals and six trials were in people at increased risk of cardiovascular disease or cancer. The number of components relevant to a Mediterranean dietary pattern ranged from two to five and only seven trials described the intervention as a Mediterranean diet. The largest trial, which recruited only postmenopausal women and was not described as a Mediterranean diet meeting only two of the criteria described above, reported no difference in the occurrence of cardiovascular disease between the dietary advice group and the control group. The other trials measured risk factors for cardiovascular disease. As the studies were so different, it was not possible to combine studies for most of the outcomes. Where it was possible to combine studies, we found small reductions in total cholesterol levels as well as in the harmful low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations. The reductions in total cholesterol were greater in the studies that described themselves as providing a Mediterranean diet. None of the trials reported side effects. The review concludes that, from the limited evidence to date, a Mediterranean dietary pattern reduces some cardiovascular risk factors. However, more trials are needed to look at the effects of the different participants recruited and the different dietary interventions to see which interventions might work best in different populations

Do dietary patterns in older men influence change in homocysteine through folate fortification? The Normative Aging Study

Objective We aimed to describe the difference in B-vitamin intake and in plasma B-vitamin and homocysteine concentrations before and after folic acid fortification, in relation to dietary patterns. Design The Normative Aging Study (NAS) is a longitudinal study on ageing. Between 1961 and 1970, 2280 male volunteers aged 21¿80 years (mean 42 years) were recruited. Dietary intake data have been collected since 1987 and assessment of plasma B vitamins and homocysteine was added in 1993. Setting Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Subjects In the present study, 354 men who had completed at least one FFQ and one measurement of homocysteine, both before and after the fortification period, were included. Results Three dietary patterns were identified by cluster analysis: (i) a prudent pattern, with relatively high intakes of fruit, vegetables, low-fat milk and breakfast cereals; (ii) an unhealthy pattern, with high intakes of baked products, sweets and added fats; and (iii) a low fruit and vegetable but relatively high alcohol intake pattern. Dietary intake and plasma concentrations of folate increased significantly (P <0·05) among all dietary patterns after the fortification period. Homocysteine tended to decrease in supplement non-users and in subjects in the high alcohol, low fruit and vegetable dietary pattern (both P = 0·08). Conclusions After fortification with folic acid, folate intake and plasma folate concentration increased significantly in all dietary patterns. There was a trend towards greatest homocysteine lowering in the high alcohol, low fruit and vegetable grou

Lifestyle Profile of Elderly Living with Non-communicable Disease in Bangkok and Surabaya

Lifestyle is one of the underlying risk factor of non-communicable disease (NCD). Dietary habit and exercise pattern are two indicators of lifestyle. Elderly are prone to NCD due to increased age which being independent risk factor. This study aimed to analyze and compare the lifestyle profile of elderly living with NCD between Bangkok and Surabaya, in term of dietary habit and exercise pattern, and to determine the best predictor of sedentary lifestyle among this population. This cross-sectional study involved 100 and 96 elderly with HT and/or DM in communities of Bangkok and Surabaya respectively (n=196). Self-developed instrument was used in data collection (r=0.178–0.715, Chronbach Alpha=0.644). Mann-Whitney U and regression tests were used in data analysis (α&lt;0.05). There was a significant difference of lifestyle in elderly living with NCD between Bangkok and Surabaya (p=0.008), especially in term of eat variety food (p=0.002), oily food (p=0.015), and curry with coconut milk (p=0.026). Eat vegetable and fruit could not predict dietary habit in elderly living with NCD (p=0.064). Eat fermented food was came up as the best predictor of lifestyle (p=0.000). It was accounted for 52.1% variance in lifestyle score in this population

Dietary patterns and its associations with adipokines (adiponectin and leptin) among adults: a narrative review

To compile and analyse existing scientific evidence regarding the association of dietary patterns with adiponectin and leptin. Medline and PubMed electronic databases were searched for articles related to the association of dietary patterns with adiponectin and leptin from 2005 to 2015. Only full text articles using English as a language of publication were included. Studies were limited to the use of food frequency questionnaires in assessing dietary intake, factor analysis using principal component analysis, cluster analysis or reduced rank regression method in determining dietary pattern. A total of six relevant studies involving a total of 6467 subjects (47% men and 53% women) met the inclusion criteria from 1407 reviewed articles Twelve dietary patterns were extracted i.e. healthy pattern, meat and fat, sweet pattern, potatoes and refined grains, Japanese pattern, westernized pattern, mixed pattern, traditional pattern, vegetables, fruits and lean meat pattern, high alcohol, ‘Izakaya’ pattern and dieting. Two studies showed association with leptin which serum leptin concentration showed significantly higher in vegetables, fruits and lean meat compared to western pattern and lower circulating levels of leptin in westernized breakfast dietary pattern. Adiponectin concentration resulting significant positive relationship with fruits and vegetables, dieting, Japanese and healthy dietary pattern. Adherence to healthy dietary patterns plays an important role on serum adiponectin and leptin concentration. However, in most studies that resulted in a significant relationship, adiponectin, leptin and diet components were evaluated separately. Therefore, further well-designed studies were required to clarify the mechanism mediating relationship between dietary patterns and adipokines

Effect of Dietary Consumption Pattern, Nutrition Status, and Hemoglobin Level on Academic Achievement among High School Students in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara

Background: A healthy diet has been reported to be associated with physical development, cognition and academic performance, and personality during adolescence. This study aimed to estimate the effects of dietary consumption pat¬tern, nutrition status, and hemoglobin level on academic achievement among high school students in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Senior High School, Kupang district, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, from December 2014 to March 2015. A total sample of 206 students was selected for this study by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was academic achievement. The independent variables were type of food consumed, food consumed rate, protein intake rate, nutritional status, and hemoglobin level. The data were collected by interview. The data were analyzed by a multiple linear regression. Results: Academic achievement increased with hemoglobin level (b=1.27; 95%CI= 0.45 to 2.08; p=0.02), energy (b=0.01; 95%CI= 0.003 to 0.01; p<0.001), pro¬tein intake (b=0.09; 95%CI= 0.02 to 0.15; p=0.007), nutritional status (b=0.47; 95%CI= 0.15 to 0.78; p=0.004). Conclusion: Academic achievement increases with hemoglobin level, energy, protein intake, and nutritional status. Keywords: academic achievement, hemoglobin level, energy, protein intake, and nutritional status

Changes in dietary patterns and body composition within 12 months of liver transplantation

Background: Cardiometabolic risk factors are increasing in liver transplant recipients (LTR). Influencing dietary factors have not been assessed. The aim of this observational study was to assess changes in weight, metabolic function, dietary intake and eating behaviours in the first year after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Methods: Consecutive recruitment of 17 patients (14 males) awaiting OLT at a single tertiary hospital. Dietary intake, food behaviours and anthropometry were recorded at baseline, and 6 and 12 months posttransplant. Results: By 12 months, patients had gained on average 7.3% of body weight. The prevalence of overweight or obesity increased from baseline 53% to 77% (P=0.001). By 6 months, 65% (n=11/17) of patients had altered glucose metabolism. Dietary intake was consistent with a Western-style dietary pattern with high saturated fat. Over half of the patients (69%, n=11/16) reported low to no depressive feelings and rated their self-esteem as good (53%, n=9/16). The Power of Food Scale increased between pre and post-transplant, indicating a stronger appetitive drive. Conclusions: Weight gain occurs early post-transplant, with significant metabolic dysfunction present within 6 months, however is not associated with significant psychological distress. Early dietary intervention designed to limit weight gain and target cardiometabolic health is recommended for this unique patient population

Iranian Dietary Patterns and Risk of Colorectal Cancer

Background: Role of diet on colorectal cancer (CRC) has been considered in terms of single foods and nutrients, but less frequently in terms of dietary patterns in Iran. The objective of this study was to determine the association between Iranian dietary patterns and CRC. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in four hospitals in Tabriz City of Iran including 414 participants aged 35-75 years: 207 cases with CRC confirmed by pathology and colonoscopy findings were selected and 207 controls free of neoplastic conditions and diet-related chronic diseases (from the same hospital at the same period for the cases). Dietary data were assessed using a 123-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Two dietary patterns were found by using of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method;"Healthy pattern" and "Iranian pattern". Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) for relationship between dietary patterns and colorectal cancer. Results: After adjusting for confounding factors, the Iranian dietary pattern was significantly associated with an increased odds of colorectal cancer (OR=1.46; 95 Confidenec Interval (CI)=1.05-2.19) while a reduced odds of colorectal cancer was observed with the Healthy dietary pattern (OR=0.18; 95 CI=0.091-0.47). Conclusion: Iranian dietary pattern (IDP) seems to increase the odds of colorectal cancer and protective effect of Healthy dietary pattern