Variable Stiffness Link (VSL): Toward inherently safe robotic manipulators

© 2017 IEEE. Nowadays, the field of industrial robotics focuses particularly on collaborative robots that are able to work closely together with a human worker in an inherently safe way. To detect and prevent harmful collisions, a number of solutions both from the actuation and sensing sides have been suggested. However, due to the rigid body structures of the majority of systems, the risk of harmful collisions with human operators in a collaborative environment remains. In this paper, we propose a novel concept for a collaborative robot made of Variable Stiffness Links (VSLs). The idea is to use a combination of silicone based structures and fabric materials to create stiffness-controllable links that are pneumatically actuated. According to the application, it is possible to change the stiffness of the links by varying the value of pressure inside their structure. Moreover, the pressure readings from the pressure sensors inside the regulators can be utilised to detect collisions between the manipulator body and a human worker, for instance. A set of experiments are performed with the aim to assess the performance of the VSL when embedded in a robotic manipulator. The effects of different loads and pressures on the workspace of the manipulator are evaluated together with the efficiency of the collision detection control system and hardware

Robot Control for Task Performance and Enhanced Safety under Impact

A control law combining motion performance quality and low stiffness reaction to unintended contacts is proposed in this work. It achieves prescribed performance evolution of the position error under disturbances up to a level related to model uncertainties and responds compliantly and with low stiffness to significant disturbances arising from impact forces. The controller employs a velocity reference signal in a model-based control law utilizing a non-linear time-dependent term, which embeds prescribed performance specifications and vanishes in case of significant disturbances. Simulation results with a three degrees of freedom (DOF) robot illustrate the motion performance and self-regulation of the output stiffness achieved by this controller under an external force, and highlights its advantages with respect to constant and switched impedance schemes. Experiments with a KUKA LWR4+ demonstrate its performance under impact with a human while following a desired trajectory

SPRING BASED ON FLAT PERMANENT MAGNETS: DESIGN, ANALYSIS AND USE IN VARIABLE STIFFNESS ACTUATOR

Modern robot applications benefit from including variable stiffness actuators (VSA) in the kinematic chain. In this paper, we focus on VSA utilizing a magnetic spring made of two coaxial rings divided into alternately magnetized sections. The torque generated between the rings is opposite to the angular deflection from equilibrium and its value increases as the deflection grows – within a specific range of angles that we call a stable range. Beyond the stable range, the spring exhibits negative stiffness what causes problems with prediction and control. In order to avoid it, it is convenient to operate within a narrower range of angles that we call a safe range. The magnetic springs proposed so far utilize few pairs of arc magnets, and their safe ranges are significantly smaller than the stable ones. In order to broaden the safe range, we propose a different design of the magnetic spring, which is composed of flat magnets, as well as a new arrangement of VSA (called ATTRACTOR) utilizing the proposed spring. Correctness and usability of the concept are verified in FEM analyses and experiments performed on constructed VSA, which led to formulating models of the magnetic spring. The results show that choosing flat magnets over arc ones enables shaping spring characteristics in a way that broadens the safe range. An additional benefit is lowered cost, and the main disadvantage is a reduced maximal torque that the spring is capable of transmitting. The whole VSA can be perceived as promising construction for further development, miniaturization and possible application in modern robotic mechanisms

Analytical and Experimental Analysis of Magnetorheological Elastomers

Many engineering applications ranging from robotic joints to shock and vibration mitigation can benefit by incorporating components with variable stiffness. In addition, variable stiffness structures can provide haptic feedback (the sense of touch) to the user. In this work, it is proposed to study Magnetorheological Elastomers (MRE), where iron particles within the elastomer compound develop a dipole interaction energy, to be used in a device for haptic feedback. A novel feature of this MRE device is to introduce a field-induced variable shear modulus bias via a permanent magnet and using a current input to the electromagnetic control coil to change the modulus of the elastomer in both directions (softer or harder). In this preliminary work, both computational and experimental results of the proposed MRE design are presented. The design is created in COMSOL to verify that the magnetic field is in the desired direction. MRE was fabricated and characterized using a Bose Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer for the shear modulus. Using this information, it is possible to know how the MRE will react in magnetic fields within the haptic feedback device. Additionally, a model for an MRE is developed in a multi-physics COMSOL program that is linked to a MATLAB function that predicts the shear modulus and incorporates it into the material properties to best simulate the MRE\u27s ability to change shear modulus

Robot Manipulators

Robot manipulators are developing more in the direction of industrial robots than of human workers. Recently, the applications of robot manipulators are spreading their focus, for example Da Vinci as a medical robot, ASIMO as a humanoid robot and so on. There are many research topics within the field of robot manipulators, e.g. motion planning, cooperation with a human, and fusion with external sensors like vision, haptic and force, etc. Moreover, these include both technical problems in the industry and theoretical problems in the academic fields. This book is a collection of papers presenting the latest research issues from around the world

Développement de systèmes pour la collaboration humain-robot : conception d'un robot sériel à 7 ddls partiellement équilibré statiquement

Cette thèse s'attarde sur plusieurs aspects de la collaboration humain-robot, dont le développement d'interfaces de contrôle, la conception de robots plus sécuritaires ainsi que le développement d'algorithmes de contrôle. Le tout est réparti sur 7 chapitres. Le premier chapitre présente une brève introduction ainsi que la méthodologie employée au cours de la thèse. Le deuxième chapitre présente une méthode d'équilibrage statique par contrepoids. Une transmission hydraulique permet de déporter facilement le contrepoids à l'extérieur de l'espace de travail du système équilibré. L'utilisation de cylindres à membrane permet une transmission fluide avec un minimum de friction. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous exploitons ce principe d'équilibrage pour développer un bras de robot sériel à 7 ddls. Deux mécanismes d'équilibrage sont proposés et testés d'abord sur des bancs d'essai puis sur le prototype final. Un banc d'équilibrage à deux plateaux permet d'ajuster la pression des cylindres avec une seule charge mobile pour s'adapter à la masse soulevée par le bras. Dans le quatrième chapitre, nous développons un algorithme de commande exploitant la redondance du bras développé précédemment. Puisque les critères courants d'exploitation de la redondance dépendent de la situation, nous laissons le soin à l'opérateur de gérer lui-même cette redondance. Notre algorithme implémente une commande standard en admittance qui combat les perturbations indésirables à l'effecteur. Cependant, elle permet aux perturbations qui n'affectent pas la position de l'effecteur de modifier la configuration du robot. Le cinquième chapitre présente le développement d'un capteur tactile à base de silicone et noir de carbone. Les propriétés du mélange de silicone et noir de carbone sont étudiées afin d'optimiser la sensibilité du matériau. Nous proposons ensuite un modèle mathématique de la piézorésistivité du matériau afin d'estimer la pression appliquée et nous présentons des méthodes de fabrication du capteur et d'acquisition des signaux. Dans le sixième chapitre, nous développons un système de freinage passif adapté aux systèmes de ponts roulants. Le système permet d'appliquer à la charge transportée une force de freinage proportionnelle à sa vitesse. Une interface de contrôle intuitive permet à l'opérateur d'activer le système au besoin. Le septième chapitre présente une brève conclusion de la thèse