Routines and representations at work - observing the architecture of conceptual design

routines, representations, artifacts, product development, workplace observation, evolutionary economics, chip manufacturing

Fish or Cut Bait? Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway

“Our relations with Canada, happily always close, involve more and more the unbreakable ties of strategic interdependence. Both nations now need the St. Lawrence Seaway for security as well as for economic reasons. I urge the Congress promptly to approve our participation and construction.” When President Dwight D. Eisenhower included these sentences in his State of the Union Address in January of 1954, there must have been an almost audible sigh of relief from the thousands of Seaway activists, Congressmen, and lobbyists across the country. The previous year had not been an easy one for supporters of the St. Lawrence Seaway project, but now in 1954 they had the guaranteed support of the most powerful and popular man in the nation

The Angevin Empire and the Community of the Realm in England

1. Simon de Montfort\u27s Administration in Gascony, 1248-1252 ---- 1 Part 1 Barons\u27 Community of the Realm in England2. Magna Carta and the Community of the Realm, 1215-1258 ---- 353. The Community of the Realm in England, 1258-1260 ---- 574. The Community of the Realm and the Baronial Reform Movement. 1258-1265 ---- 96 Part 2 Performance of the Reformist Barons\u27 Government5. Custos Pacis and Henry Ill\u27s patronage policy towards the gentry in 1264 ---- 1336. Household accounts of the countess of Leicester, 1265 ---- 162 Part 3 Discord, Reconciliation and Authority for Jurors in local society7. The Hundred Jurors in Cambridgeshire in the 1260s ---- 1898. The Barons\u27 War and the Hundred Jurors in Cambridgeshire ---- 2159. The Hundred Jurors in Cambridgeshire in the 1260s: the case of Armingford Hundred ---- 23610. The Hundred Jurors in Cambridgeshire in the 1260s: the case of Thriplow Hundred ---- 25

Nuclear weapons and European interests : Discussions in the Assembly of the Western European Union, 1955–1975

In the 1950s and 1960s the Defence Committee of the Western European Union (WEU) Assembly submitted a series of conspicuous reports on nuclear control issues, culminating in a plea for an Atlantic nuclear force. The article analyses the reports and discussions in the Assembly in the field of defence as well as its attempts to have their recommendations adopted by national parliaments. Internal political and national differences notwithstanding, the representatives in the WEU Assembly developed a clear understanding of European interests.

Legitimacy and Expertise in Global Internet Governance

Over the course of the past decade or so, attention among Internet policymakers and scholars has shifted gradually from substantive design principles to the structure of Internet governance. The Internet Corporation for Assigning Names and Numbers in particular now faces a new skepticism about its legitimacy to administer the essential Internet Assigned Numbers Authority function. ICANN has responded to these doubts by proposing a series of major governance reforms that would bring nation-states more into the organization\u27s decisionmaking. After all, transnational governance institutions in other substantive areas privilege nation-states as a matter of course. This Symposium Essay shows that these changes reflect a new era in which ICANN and other Internet policymakers no longer view the Internet as uniquely immune from the geopolitics of the physical world