Control apparatus for spectral energy source

Automatic light-controlling system for dc arc emission spectrographs controls the vaporization rate of the sample and stabilizes the dc arc. The output energy is regulated such that advantage can be taken of the highly sensitive dc arc source without sacrificing the desired precision

Solidifying Power Electronics [Historical]

More than one century ago, in 1902, American engineer Peter Cooper Hewitt (1861\u20131921) derived the mercury arc-rectifier, enclosed in a glass bulb, from his mercury-vapor lamp of the previous year. He devised its use for feeding dc motors from alternating currents. As the first rectifier for power uses (two years before Fleming\u2019s diode and four before De Forest\u2019s audion [1]), the mercury arc-rectifier marked the birth of power electronics

Grain refinement control in TIG arc welding

A method for controlling grain size and weld puddle agitation in a tungsten electrode inert gas welding system to produce fine, even grain size and distribution is disclosed. In the method the frequency of dc welding voltage pulses supplied to the welding electrode is varied over a preselected frequency range and the arc gas voltage is monitored. At some frequency in the preselected range the arc gas voltage will pass through a maximum. By maintaining the operating frequency of the system at this value, maximum weld puddle agitation and fine grain structure are produced

Arc-textured metal surfaces for high thermal emittance space radiators

Carbon arc electrical discharges struck across the surfaces of metals such as Nb-1 percent Zr, alter the morphology to produce a high thermal emittance surface. Metal from the surface and carbon from the arc electrode vaporize during arcing, and then condense on the metal surface to produce a microscopically rough surface having a high thermal emittance. Quantitative spectral reflectance measurements from 0.33 to 15 microns were made on metal surfaces which were carbon arc treated in an inert gas environment. The resulting spectral reflectance data were then used to calculate thermal emittance as a function of temperature for various methods of arc treatment. The results of arc treatment on various metals are presented for both ac and dc arcs. Surface characterization data, including thermal emittance as a function of temperature, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic oxygen durability, are also presented. The ac arc texturing was found to increase the thermal emittance at 800 K from 0.05 to 0.70

Portable machine welding head automatically controls arc

Portable weld tool makes weld repairs out-of-station and on the side opposite the original weld. It provides full automatic control of the arc voltage, current, wire feed, and electrode travel speed in all welding attitudes. The device is readily adaptable to commercially available straight polarity dc weld packs

A software system for emission spectrometry

A computer system was developed for an emission spectrometry facility consisting of a direct current (DC) argon arc spectrograph optically coupled to an inductively coupled plasma multichannel spectrometer. Custom hardware and software were designed to control analytical functions and perform data acquisition. The software system was designed to make operation of the facility simple for routine operation and flexible for research and development. Special software was written to collect data under controlled conditions to characterize and monitor system response. One sequence collects intensity versus time data on all channels and displays the data graphically. These profiles are useful in studying the effects of operating parameters on measurement precision. Another special sequence performs calibration using a spline curve fit procedure. Routines were also written to measure dark currents and signals from a standard tungsten halogen lamp mounted in place of the DC arc. For quality control purposes, histories of these values are kept and monitored for excess scatter or drift

Electric arc in the switchgear

Tato práce se zaměřuje na popis vzniku, vlastnosti a chování elektrického oblouku v elektrických přístrojích. Dále se zaměřuje na to, jakým způsobem vzniká elektrický oblouk a jaký má vliv na kontakty elektrického přístroje. Elektrický oblouk se dělí na elektrický oblouk napájený se stejnosměrným nebo střídavým elektrickým proudem. Zhášení elektrického oblouku napájeného stejnosměrným proudem je obtížnější než při napájení střídavým proudem, protože stejnosměrný proud neprochází nulovou hodnotou. Pro návrh zhášecí komory je důležité znát vlastnosti elektrického oblouku napájeného stejnosměrným a střídavým proudem. Chování statické V-A charakteristiky elektrického oblouku napájeného stejnosměrným proudem bylo stanoveno experimentálně pomocí rovnice Ayrtonové. Následně byla proměřena dynamická charakteristika elektrického oblouku napájený střídavým proudem s cílem proměřit mezní hodnoty vzniku oblouku a popsat četné vlivy působící na oblouk. Závěrem byla data zhodnocena a podány návrhy pro rozšíření měřených úloh a diagnostiky oblouku v laboratorních podmínkách.This thesis focuses on description of creation, properties and behavior of an electric arc in the switchgear. In addition, it focuses on description how an electric arc can be created and how it effects contacts in electrical switchgear. Electric arcs is divided into arc with DC or AC. Quenching of the electric arc supplied by DC is more difficult than in case of AC since the DC does not pass through zero value. For the design of quenching chamber it is important to know the characteristics of the electric arc under both conditions. The behavior of static V-A characteristic of the electric arc supplied by DC was determined with experimental measurements using the equation by Ayrton. Subsequently, measurement of the dynamic characteristics of the electric arc with AC were determined. And the limits values for the emergence of electric arc were measured of. Last, the results wereevaluated and expansion of measurement task was proposed. The numerous influences on the arc were described. In conclusion the thesis extends diagnostic of the arc under the laboratory conditions.

Diagnosis of series DC arc faults - a machine learning approach

Increasing prevalence of DC sources and loads has resulted in DC distribution being re-considered at a micro-grid level. However, in comparison to AC systems, the lack of a natural zero crossing has traditionally meant that protecting DC systems is inherently more difficult – this protection issue is compounded when attempting to diagnose and isolate fault conditions. One such condition is the series arc fault, which poses significant protection issues as their presence negates the logic of overcurrent protection philosophies. This paper proposes the IntelArc system to accurately diagnose series arc faults in DC systems. IntelArc combines time-frequency and time domain extracted features with hidden Markov models to discriminate between nominal transient behavior and arc fault behavior across a variety of operating conditions. Preliminary testing of the system is outlined with results showing that the system has the potential for accurate, generalized, diagnosis of series arc faults in DC systems