Rheology in Wood Engineering

AbstractThe system strains under external loads in a certain amount of time and under the influence of the environmental factors define the rheological behavior. Rheological phenomena depend on many factors: temperature such as air humidity or moisture content of rheological system, radiations in term of intensity, duration, type - UV, IR, X, geometry of the parts; loadings in terms of intensity, variation, duration; defects; aggressive environment; composition, material properties; combinations of these factors. Rheology science is based on the theories of the strength of materials, thermodynamics, chemistry and materials science, but in terms of application, it provides a personalized analysis or diagnosis according to the condition of the structures/systems used. Wooden constructions are subjected to various loadings on both short and long durations. The joints can be elastic (flexible) if the failure occurs gradually, or plastic, if the failure occurs suddenly. Sudden failure of joints is caused by shear as predominant load because wood does not resist at shear stresses. In order to study the rheological behavior of the wood joints with metal rods under constant load, three types of joints in terms of diameters of bolts and stiffening systems were tested. They were stressed to traction force of 500 to 900N for 200 days, in real conditions of temperature (-7°C la +30°C) and humidity (from 47.8% to 83.8%). The aim of the tests were to determine the rheological behavior of wooden joints; variation of deformations in relation to the relative humidity and temperature; rate of strain and connections in determining rheological model of wood with threaded rods. It was found that the low temperatures during winter (-7…0°C) correlated with high relative humidity led to sudden changes in strain. It was observed that the high-speed deformation had a joint with the largest diameter rod (8mm). The paper highlights the rheological analysis of joints in wooden rods in real conditions of temperature and humidity, with regards to applied tension and the determination of the creep function that characterizes these types of connections, establishing the optimum diameter rods

Tenses, Dates and Times*

This paper presents a theory of utterance content that is neutral with respect to some of the key issues in the debate about the proper semantics of tense. Elaborating on some ideas from Korta & Perry (2011), we defend a proposal according to which utterances of both temporally specific and temporally unspecific sentences have a systematic variety of contents, from utterance-bound to incremental or referential. This analysis will shed some light on the contribution of tense to what is said by an utterance

Parallel machine scheduling with release dates, due dates and family setup times

In manufacturing, there is a fundamental conflict between efficient production and delivery performance. Maximizing machine utilization by batching similar jobs may lead to poor delivery performance. Minimizing customers' dissatisfaction may lead to an inefficient use of the machines. In this paper, we consider the problem of scheduling n independent jobs with release dates, due dates, and family setup times on m parallel machines. The objective is to minimize the maximum lateness of any job. We present a branch-and-bound algorithm to solve this problem. This algorithm exploits the fact that an optimal schedule is contained in a specific subset of all feasible schedules. For lower bounding purposes, we see setup times as setup jobs with release dates, due dates and processing times. We present two lower bounds for the problem with setup jobs, one of which proceeds by allowing preemption

RESEARCH UP-DATES

Human Resource Impacts on Food Store Selection and Shopping Loyalty, by Harry F. Krueckberg; The Use of the Multi-Dimensional Database Spreadsheet (VP Planner) to Analyze Supermarket Revenue Data, by Angelo E. DiAntonio, Ulrich C. Toensmeyer; Qualitative Choice Models for Determining Factors Influencing Consumer's Preferences For Package Sizes of Selected Produce Items, by Jean Domanico, Conrado Gempesaw, Richard Bacon, U. Toensmeyer; Consumer Reaction Toward Promotional Tools Used to Induce Soft Drink Purchases in a Supermarket, by James J. Corbett, Wayne Texeira; Demand of Finfish and Shellfish Products Using Scanner Data, by Dr. Oral Capps Jr., Daniel Moen; Assessing Value-Added Agricultural Industries, by Ralph D. Christy, Roger A. Hinson; Size, Profitablility and Growth of Wholesale Food Firms, by Walter B. EppsResearch and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,

Other Gods

In lieu of an abstract, below is the essay\u27s first paragraph. Siddarta G, he might have sat underneath his bodhi tree, With the thoughts running in and out of his head. And then he said; “I think what the world needs is a good teacher, a good preacher,” “someone who could lay it all down for them.” And then he thought; “Why not me? I could be that man as well as anybody else could Be! Why not me? I’ll go and show them what they need to set them all free.” Because it’s about time that we saw, The human spirit is powerful

Rethinking benchmark dates in international relations

International Relations has an ‘orthodox set’ of benchmark dates by which much of its research and teaching is organized: 1500, 1648, 1919, 1945 and 1989. This article argues that International Relations scholars need to question the ways in which these orthodox dates serve as internal and external points of reference, think more critically about how benchmark dates are established, and generate a revised set of benchmark dates that better reflects macro-historical international dynamics. The first part of the article questions the appropriateness of the orthodox set of benchmark dates as ways of framing the discipline’s self-understanding. The second and third sections look at what counts as a benchmark date, and why. We systematize benchmark dates drawn from mainstream International Relations theories (realism, liberalism, constructivism/English School and sociological approaches) and then aggregate their criteria. The fourth section of the article uses this exercise to construct a revised set of benchmark dates which can widen the discipline’s theoretical and historical scope. We outline a way of ranking benchmark dates and suggest a means of assessing recent candidates for benchmark status. Overall, the article delivers two main benefits: first, an improved heuristic by which to think critically about foundational dates in the discipline; and, second, a revised set of benchmark dates which can help shift International Relations’ centre of gravity away from dynamics of war and peace, and towards a broader range of macro-historical dynamics

This Dream Dates Back to 1872

When Linfield music faculty and students occupied the splendid, purpose-built and sound-isolated spaces of the Vivian A. Bull Music Center in August, they realized a dream from as early as 1872 when leaders of McMinnville College first contemplated musical instruction

U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Current Conflicts

Many wars or conflicts in U.S. history have federally designated “periods of war,” dates marking their beginning and ending. These dates are important for qualification for certain veterans’ pension or disability benefits. Confusion can occur because beginning and ending dates for “periods of war” in many nonofficial sources are often different from those given in treaties and other official sources of information, and armistice dates can be confused with termination dates. This report lists the beginning and ending dates for “periods of war” found in Title 38 of the Code of Federal Regulations, dealing with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). It also lists and differentiates other beginning dates given in declarations of war, as well as termination of hostilities dates and armistice and ending dates given in proclamations, laws, or treaties. The dates for the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan are included along with the official end date for Operation New Dawn on December 15, 2011. This report will be updated when events warrant