327,577 research outputs found
Simple BRST quantization of general gauge models
It is shown that the BRST charge for any gauge model with a Lie algebra
symmetry may be decomposed as Q=\del+\del^{\dag}, \del^2=\del^{\dag 2}=0,
[\del, \del^{\dag}]_+=0 provided dynamical Lagrange multipliers are used but
without introducing other matter variables in \del than the gauge generators
in . Furthermore, \del is shown to have the form \del=c^{\dag a}\phi_a
(or ) where are anticommuting expressions in the
ghosts and Lagrange multipliers, and where the non-hermitian operators
satisfy the same Lie algebra as the original gauge generators. By means of a
bigrading the BRST condition reduces to \del|ph\hb=\del^{\dag}|ph\hb=0 which
is naturally solved by c^a|ph\hb=\phi_a|ph\hb=0 (or c^{\dag
a}|ph\hb={\phi'_a}^{\dag}|ph\hb=0). The general solutions are shown to have a
very simple form.Comment: 18 pages, Late
Direct Acyclic Graph based Ledger for Internet of Things: Performance and Security Analysis
Direct Acyclic Graph (DAG)-based ledger and the corresponding consensus
algorithm has been identified as a promising technology for Internet of Things
(IoT). Compared with Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Stake (PoS) that have
been widely used in blockchain, the consensus mechanism designed on DAG
structure (simply called as DAG consensus) can overcome some shortcomings such
as high resource consumption, high transaction fee, low transaction throughput
and long confirmation delay. However, the theoretic analysis on the DAG
consensus is an untapped venue to be explored. To this end, based on one of the
most typical DAG consensuses, Tangle, we investigate the impact of network load
on the performance and security of the DAG-based ledger. Considering unsteady
network load, we first propose a Markov chain model to capture the behavior of
DAG consensus process under dynamic load conditions. The key performance
metrics, i.e., cumulative weight and confirmation delay are analysed based on
the proposed model. Then, we leverage a stochastic model to analyse the
probability of a successful double-spending attack in different network load
regimes. The results can provide an insightful understanding of DAG consensus
process, e.g., how the network load affects the confirmation delay and the
probability of a successful attack. Meanwhile, we also demonstrate the
trade-off between security level and confirmation delay, which can act as a
guidance for practical deployment of DAG-based ledgers.Comment: accepted by IEEE Transactions on Networkin
Monomiality principle, Sheffer-type polynomials and the normal ordering problem
We solve the boson normal ordering problem for
with arbitrary functions and and integer , where and
are boson annihilation and creation operators, satisfying
. This consequently provides the solution for the exponential
generalizing the shift operator. In the
course of these considerations we define and explore the monomiality principle
and find its representations. We exploit the properties of Sheffer-type
polynomials which constitute the inherent structure of this problem. In the end
we give some examples illustrating the utility of the method and point out the
relation to combinatorial structures.Comment: Presented at the 8'th International School of Theoretical Physics
"Symmetry and Structural Properties of Condensed Matter " (SSPCM 2005),
Myczkowce, Poland. 13 pages, 31 reference
Quasi-Metric Relativity
This is a survey of a new type of relativistic space-time framework; the
so-called quasi-metric framework. The basic geometric structure underlying
quasi-metric relativity is quasi-metric space-time; this is defined as a
4-dimensional differentiable manifold equipped with two
one-parameter families and of Lorentzian
4-metrics parametrized by a global time function . The metric family is found from field equations, whereas the metric family is used to propagate sources and to compare predictions to experiments. A
linear and symmetric affine connection compatible with the family
is defined, giving rise to equations of motion.
Furthermore a quasi-metric theory of gravity, including field equations and
local conservation laws, is presented. Just as for General Relativity, the
field equations accommodate two independent propagating dynamical degrees of
freedom. On the other hand, the particular structure of quasi-metric geometry
allows only a partial coupling of space-time geometry to the active
stress-energy tensor. Besides, the field equations are defined from projections
of physical and geometrical tensors with respect to a ``preferred'' foliation
of quasi-metric space-time into spatial hypersurfaces. The dynamical nature of
this foliation makes the field equations unsuitable for a standard
PPN-analysis. This implies that the experimental status of the theory is not
completely clear at this point in time. The theory seems to be consistent with
a number of cosmological observations and it satisfies all the classical solar
system tests, though. Moreover, in its non-metric sector the new theory has
experimental support where General Relativity fails or is irrelevant.Comment: 39 pages, no figures, LaTeX; v2: some points clarified; v3:
connection changed; v4: extended and local conservation laws changed; v5:
major revision; v6: accepted for publication in G&C; v7: must have
non-universal gravitational coupling; v8: rewritten with fully coupled
theory; v9: major revision (fully coupled theory abandoned
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