Quantal Andreev billiards: Semiclassical approach to mesoscale oscillations in the density of states

Andreev billiards are finite, arbitrarily-shaped, normal-state regions, surrounded by superconductor. At energies below the superconducting gap, single-quasiparticle excitations are confined to the normal region and its vicinity, the essential mechanism for this confinement being Andreev reflection. This Paper develops and implements a theoretical framework for the investigation of the short-wave quantal properties of these single-quasiparticle excitations. The focus is primarily on the relationship between the quasiparticle energy eigenvalue spectrum and the geometrical shape of the normal-state region, i.e., the question of spectral geometry in the novel setting of excitations confined by a superconducting pair-potential. Among the central results of this investigation are two semiclassical trace formulas for the density of states. The first, a lower-resolution formula, corresponds to the well-known quasiclassical approximation, conventionally invoked in settings involving superconductivity. The second, a higher-resolution formula, allows the density of states to be expressed in terms of: (i) An explicit formula for the level density, valid in the short-wave limit, for billiards of arbitrary shape and dimensionality. This level density depends on the billiard shape only through the set of stationary-length chords of the billiard and the curvature of the boundary at the endpoints of these chords; and (ii) Higher-resolution corrections to the level density, expressed as a sum over periodic orbits that creep around the billiard boundary. Owing to the fact that these creeping orbits are much longer than the stationary chords, one can, inter alia, hear the stationary chords of Andreev billiards.Comment: 52 pages, 15 figures, 1 table, RevTe

Clarke subgradients of stratifiable functions

We establish the following result: if the graph of a (nonsmooth) real-extended-valued function $f:\mathbb{R}^{n}\to \mathbb{R}\cup\{+\infty\}$ is closed and admits a Whitney stratification, then the norm of the gradient of $f$ at $x\in{dom}f$ relative to the stratum containing $x$ bounds from below all norms of Clarke subgradients of $f$ at $x$. As a consequence, we obtain some Morse-Sard type theorems as well as a nonsmooth Kurdyka-\L ojasiewicz inequality for functions definable in an arbitrary o-minimal structure

Quantum Integrable Model of an Arrangement of Hyperplanes

The goal of this paper is to give a geometric construction of the Bethe algebra (of Hamiltonians) of a Gaudin model associated to a simple Lie algebra. More precisely, in this paper a quantum integrable model is assigned to a weighted arrangement of affine hyperplanes. We show (under certain assumptions) that the algebra of Hamiltonians of the model is isomorphic to the algebra of functions on the critical set of the corresponding master function. For a discriminantal arrangement we show (under certain assumptions) that the symmetric part of the algebra of Hamiltonians is isomorphic to the Bethe algebra of the corresponding Gaudin model. It is expected that this correspondence holds in general (without the assumptions). As a byproduct of constructions we show that in a Gaudin model (associated to an arbitrary simple Lie algebra), the Bethe vector, corresponding to an isolated critical point of the master function, is nonzero

Special K\"ahler-Ricci potentials on compact K\"ahler manifolds

A special K\"ahler-Ricci potential on a K\"ahler manifold is any nonconstant $C^\infty$ function $\tau$ such that $J(\nabla\tau)$ is a Killing vector field and, at every point with $d\tau\ne 0$, all nonzero tangent vectors orthogonal to $\nabla\tau$ and $J(\nabla\tau)$ are eigenvectors of both $\nabla d\tau$ and the Ricci tensor. For instance, this is always the case if $\tau$ is a nonconstant $C^\infty$ function on a K\"ahler manifold $(M,g)$ of complex dimension $m>2$ and the metric $\tilde g=g/\tau^2$, defined wherever $\tau\ne 0$, is Einstein. (When such $\tau$ exists, $(M,g)$ may be called {\it almost-everywhere conformally Einstein}.) We provide a complete classification of compact K\"ahler manifolds with special K\"ahler-Ricci potentials and use it to prove a structure theorem for compact K\"ahler manifolds of any complex dimension $m>2$ which are almost-everywhere conformally Einstein.Comment: 45 pages, AMSTeX, submitted to Journal f\"ur die reine und angewandte Mathemati

Converse growth estimates for ODEs with slowly growing solutions

Let $f_1,f_2$ be linearly independent solutions of $f''+Af=0$, where the coefficient $A$ is an analytic function in the open unit disc $\mathbb{D}$ of $\mathbb{C}$. It is shown that many properties of this differential equation can be described in terms of the subharmonic auxiliary function $u=-\log\, (f_1/f_2)^{\#}$. For example, the case when $\sup_{z\in\mathbb{D}} |A(z)|(1-|z|^2)^2 < \infty$ and $f_1/f_2$ is normal, is characterized by the condition $\sup_{z\in\mathbb{D}} |\nabla u(z)|(1-|z|^2) < \infty$. Different types of Blaschke-oscillatory equations are also described in terms of harmonic majorants of $u$. Even if $f_1,f_2$ are bounded linearly independent solutions of $f''+Af=0$, it is possible that $\sup_{z\in\mathbb{D}} |A(z)|(1-|z|^2)^2 = \infty$ or $f_1/f_2$ is non-normal. These results relate to sharpness discussion of recent results in the literature, and are succeeded by a detailed analysis of differential equations with bounded solutions. Analogues results for the Nevanlinna class are also considered, by taking advantage of Nevanlinna interpolating sequences. It is shown that, instead of considering solutions with prescribed zeros, it is possible to construct a bounded solution of $f''+Af=0$ in such a way that it solves an interpolation problem natural to bounded analytic functions, while $|A(z)|^2(1-|z|^2)^3\, dm(z)$ remains to be a Carleson measure.Comment: 29 page