School dropout, problem behaviour and poor academic achievement : a longitudinal view of portuguese male offenders

This study examines school drop outs from the perspective of male adults themselves through interviews with offenders currently serving sentences. Participants were 10 Portuguese male inmates, between the ages of 19 and 46 years of age, incarcerated in two prison facilities of the Azores. Qualitative and interpretative methods were carried out using a semi-structured in-depth individual interview that was audiorecorded and conducted on the basis of a list of topics. Interview transcripts and thematic analysis were used in data treatment and analysis. The findings primarily indicate that poor academic achievement and emotional and behavioural difficulties of participants played a particular role in early school drop out. The trajectories these individuals followed within the education system presented problem behaviour, learning disabilities, and/or foster care interventions. While school drop out circumstances were apparently various, analysis showed that they were underpinned by three distinct sets of conditions generally not addressed by the education system. The analysis of the triggering factors and the maintenance dynamics of school drop outs indicated three distinct types: retention/absenteeism, life turning points and positive resolution. Implications for secondary prevention and screening practices are discussed.FCT (SFRH/ BD/ 44245/ 2008)CIEC - unidade de investigação 317 da FC

Mapa Conceitual da Fraude: Configuração Teórica e Empírica dos Estudos Internacionais e Oportunidades de Pesquisas Futuras

Objective: To explain the fraud phenomenon through the construction of a conceptual map and to synthesize the different types of fraud. Method: A literature review was developed of theoretical studies, as well as a research synthesis of empirical studies. Results: The literature review revealed that the Fraud Triangle Theory originated in white-collar crime. The elements of the theory (opportunity, motivation and rationalization) have evolved since 1950 and have recently been criticized, as discoveries have been made that change the understanding of the ex ante motives. They mainly evidence that the “rationalization” element (the cognitive part) is limited and unclear thus far in the literature. In addition, the study presents the most productive journals and authors on the theme fraud. Contributions: The evidences in this research demonstrate the interdisciplinarity of the theme and appoint research opportunities. This study also contributes to fraud prevention and detection research by understanding the motives that make individuals commit such criminal acts or misconduct.Objetivo: Explicar o fenômeno da fraude pela construção de um mapa conceitual e sintetizar os diversos tipos de fraudes. Método: O estudo realizou uma revisão de literatura, por meio nos trabalhos teóricos e uma síntese de pesquisa, referente aos trabalhos empíricos. Resultados: A revisão de literatura construída permitiu identificar que a Teoria do Triângulo da Fraude teve sua origem a partir do crime de colarinho branco. Os elementos da teoria (oportunidade, motivação e racionalização) evoluíram desde 1950 e recentemente são criticados, pois descobertas têm sido feitas que modificam o entendimento dos motivos ex ante. Principalmente, demonstram evidências de que o elemento racionalização (a parte cognitiva) é limitado e ainda não está claro na literatura. Além disso o trabalho traz as revistas e autores mais profícuos da temática das fraudes. Contribuições: As evidências desta pesquisa demonstram a interdisciplinaridade do tema e apontam oportunidades de pesquisas. Este trabalho contribui, também, para as pesquisas de prevenção e detecção da fraude, pelo entendimento dos motivos que levam indivíduos a tais atos criminosos ou desvios de conduta

Relógios biológicos, apetite e sono

Um ritmo circadiano normal, hábitos alimentares saudáveis, prática de exercício físico regular e uma boa higiene de sono constituem fatores imprescindíveis para o bom funcionamento do organismo e para a prevenção de diversas doenças. Os universitários constituem uma população bastante vulnerável a ritmos circadianos anormais, hábitos alimentares pouco saudáveis, sedentarismo e problemas de sono, provenientes das alterações no seu estilo de vida bem como alterações a nível comportamental. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar o cronótipo (matutino, intermédio ou vespertino), os hábitos alimentares e de sono dos alunos universitários. Neste sentido utilizou-se uma amostra de 302 estudantes da Universidade Fernando Pessoa, no qual 238 são do sexo feminino e os restantes 64 são do sexo masculino. Com a finalidade da recolha de dados foi elaborado um questionário através do Formulários do Google. Para avaliar o tipo de cronótipo dos universitários aplicou-se o Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) e os hábitos de sono foram avaliados a partir do Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) e da Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Para avaliar os hábitos alimentares dos participantes formulou-se um conjunto de questões tendo em conta este objetivo. Estes dados foram recolhidos on-line, tendo sido enviado o questionário a todos os alunos da Universidade Fernando Pessoa através do respetivo correio eletrónico institucional. No final desta investigação, foi possível concluir que a maioria dos alunos universitários apresenta um cronótipo intermédio (50 pontos ± 9,43), hábitos alimentares saudáveis e equilibrados e apresenta ainda uma má qualidade de sono (8 pontos ± 2,86) e padrões de sono irregulares, no entanto, não exibem sonolência diurna excessiva (8 pontos ± 3,96).A synchronized biological clock, healthy eating habits, regular physical exercise and good sleep hygiene are essential factors for the proper functioning of the body and for the prevention of various diseases. University students are quite vulnerable to abnormal circadian rhythms, unhealthy eating habits, physical inactivity and sleep problems due to changes in their lifestyle as well as behavioral changes. The objective of this dissertation is to identify the chronotype (matutinal, intermediate or vespertine) and university students’ eating and sleeping habits. In this sense we used a sample of 302 students from University Fernando Pessoa, in which 238 are female and the remaining 64 are male. For the purpose of data collection a questionnaire was developed by Google Forms. In order to evaluate the students’ type of chronotype was applied the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and sleeping habits were assessed from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). To evaluate the participants’ eating habits were formulated a set of questions regarding this objective. These data were collected online and the questionary having been sent to all students from University Fernando Pessoa via their institutional email. At the end of this investigation, it was concluded that most college students presents an intermediate chronotype (50 points ± 9,43), healthy and balanced eating habits, poor sleeping quality (8 points ± 2,86) and irregular sleep patterns, however they don’t exhibit excessive daytime sleepiness (8 points ± 3,96)

Beyond Social Disorganization Theory: The Influence of Multiple Structural Determinants of Crime on an Urban Community

This correlational, explanatory, cross-sectional study explains the influence of neighborhoods’ structural determinants on the rate of violent crimes in New York City’s communities. Guided by the theoretical foundation of social disorganization theory, the variables in this study included the economically disadvantaged, racial/ethnic heterogeneity, residential instability/mobility, and the level of educational attainment. The statistical analysis in this study included correlational matrix and simultaneous multiple regression model (ordinary least squares). The study consisted of 59 New York City community districts (encompassing the City’s population of 8,622,698 residents) and included the violent crime rates for 2017. The findings in this study indicated that the level of the community’s economically disadvantaged and residential instability/mobility does influence the rate of violent crimes in New York City communities. Conversely, racial/ethnic heterogeneity and the level of educational attainment did not influence the rate of violent crime in New York City communities. The findings suggest that more resources should be directed to address poverty within communities with high rates of violent crime

Mapping the Victimological Landscape of the Balkans : A Regional Study on Victimology and Victim Protection with a Critical Analysis of Current Victim Policies

This timely and comprehensive collection of discussions on victimology, victims of crime and victim protection policies in the Balkans and beyond engages readers with the current state of the art of regional victimology in the Balkans and Central Europe. Original contributions from as many as ten countries of the region analyse the development of victimology, victim protection policies and practices, as well as major areas of victimological research. The main idea of the book at hand is to provide an insight into the complex nature of victimisation in contemporary societies and a deeper understanding of the nature of, and responses to, victimisation in the context of the criminal justice system and civil society. Chapters about the recent developments of victimology in Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and Turkey reflect on cultural victimology and contextualisation of victimology and victimological thought from a broader societal perspective. More importantly, the chapters thus present, for the first time, a comparative and contextual account of regional contributions to present-day victimology. This publication is a milestone of victimological research calling for a follow-up and more comparative victimological studies in the future, improvement of practice in victim protection and more feasible victim protection policies

Tesauro de la biblioteca del CIID

Versión en inglés disponible en la Biblioteca Digital del IDRC: IDRC library thesaurusVersión en francés disponible en la Biblioteca Digital del IDRC: Thésaurus de la bibliothèque du CRD