Cross-Lingual and Cross-Chronological Information Access to Multilingual Historical Documents

In this chapter, we present our work in realizing information access across different languages and periods. Nowadays, digital collections of historical documents have to handle materials written in many different languages in different time periods. Even in a particular language, there are significant differences over time in terms of grammar, vocabulary and script. Our goal is to develop a method to access digital collections in a wide range of periods from ancient to modern. We introduce an information extraction method for digitized ancient Mongolian historical manuscripts for reducing labour-intensive analysis. The proposed method performs computerized analysis on Mongolian historical documents. Named entities such as personal names and place names are extracted by employing support vector machine. The extracted named entities are utilized to create a digital edition that reflects an ancient Mongolian historical manuscript written in traditional Mongolian script. The Text Encoding Initiative guidelines are adopted to encode the named entities, transcriptions and interpretations of ancient words. A web-based prototype system is developed for utilizing digital editions of ancient Mongolian historical manuscripts as scholarly tools. The proposed prototype has the capability to display and search traditional Mongolian text and its transliteration in Latin letters along with the highlighted named entities and the scanned images of the source manuscript

a study of Mongolian strategy and policy toward innovation

Thesis(Master) -- KDI School: Master of Public Policy, 2022“Mongolia is landlocked but not mindlocked.” The wise words of economist and columnist Jargal De Facto have immensely reflected the current situation of technological innovation and entrepreneurship development in Mongolia. Mongolia is the 135th largest economy in the world with a GDP of 14.233 billion dollars. As for the nation with a unique history and a nomadic lifestyle, Mongolia has traditionally been reliant on the two major sectors for all its state existence which are agriculture and animal husbandry. Shortly after the declaration of democracy, several abundant natural resource deposits were found in the southern part of Mongolia known as the “Gobi Area”, thus mining immediately became one of the top priority sectors for the Mongolian economy. At present, heavy industry including the mining sector is the major sector that contributes to GDP accounts for 38.2%, secondly service sector, retail trade 15%, and followed by agriculture 12.06%. However, more than half percent of the entire population is a vibrant youth aged around 18-35 years having a different and brighter vision to diversify Mongolia’s economy. To reduce heavy dependence on the volatile mineral market and empower to nurture an effective innovation ecosystem to sustain employment opportunities, competitiveness, and generate innovation-oriented startups. This paper attempted to describe the current overview of the Mongolian Innovation Ecosystem by reviewing relevant policy documents, laws and regulations, articles, reports, and interviewing relevant officials of the ecosystem component.CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER 3. MONGOLIA'S STUDY TO INNOVATION ECOSYSTEM CHAPTER 4. RESEARCH ANALYSIS CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION CHAPTER 6. REFERENCESmasterpublishedOyu-erdene BATZEVE

Multiethnic Societies of Central Asia and Siberia Represented in Indigenous Oral and Written Literature

Central Asia and Siberia are characterized by multiethnic societies formed by a patchwork of often small ethnic groups. At the same time large parts of them have been dominated by state languages, especially Russian and Chinese. On a local level the languages of the autochthonous people often play a role parallel to the central national language. The contributions of this conference proceeding follow up on topics such as: What was or is collected and how can it be used under changed conditions in the research landscape, how does it help local ethnic communities to understand and preserve their own culture and language? Do the spatially dispersed but often networked collections support research on the ground? What contribution do these collections make to the local languages and cultures against the backdrop of dwindling attention to endangered groups? These and other questions are discussed against the background of the important role libraries and private collections play for multiethnic societies in often remote regions that are difficult to reach

Multiethnic Societies of Central Asia and Siberia Represented in Indigenous Oral and Written Literature

Central Asia and Siberia are characterized by multiethnic societies formed by a patchwork of often small ethnic groups. At the same time large parts of them have been dominated by state languages, especially Russian and Chinese. On a local level the languages of the autochthonous people often play a role parallel to the central national language. The contributions of this conference proceeding follow up on topics such as: What was or is collected and how can it be used under changed conditions in the research landscape, how does it help local ethnic communities to understand and preserve their own culture and language? Do the spatially dispersed but often networked collections support research on the ground? What contribution do these collections make to the local languages and cultures against the backdrop of dwindling attention to endangered groups? These and other questions are discussed against the background of the important role libraries and private collections play for multiethnic societies in often remote regions that are difficult to reach

World cinema beyond the periphery : developing film cultures in Bhutan, Mongolia, and Myanmar

According to UNESCO’s Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity there exists a need in light of the “imbalances in flows and exchanges of cultural goods and services at the global level” to enable “all countries, especially developing countries and countries in transition, to establish cultural industries that are viable and competitive at a national and international level” (2001). The dissertation explores ways in which viable cultural industries can be established in developing countries. More specifically, the focus is on the development of film industries in countries in transition. Three national film industries, examined in light of their historical development and contemporary situation, provide the empirical basis for the dissertation’s claims and arguments. The three developing countries under investigation are Bhutan, Mongolia, and Myanmar, and in each case the study traces the historical trajectory of the relevant film industries leading to the mapping of the recent trends and tendencies. The examination of the individual cases foregrounds industrial and commercial challenges and solutions rather than the aesthetic or stylistic properties of specific films. That is, the study seeks to explore how educational practices, production modes, approaches to distribution and exhibition, and cultural policy measures have facilitated or thwarted the emergence of film industries in three developing countries in the Asian region. The approach taken builds on the call for a more inclusive approach to the study of world cinema (Nagib 2006). Equally important is an analytical approach derived from the field of small national cinema studies, one that underscores the need to explore solutions to problems facing filmmakers in countries sharing similar developmental challenges (Hjort & Petrie 2007). Following this conceptual perspective the study aims firstly, through its historical examination, to contribute to expanding the historiography of world cinema, where little to no attention is given to these largely unexplored national cinema cultures. Secondly, following the mapping of the contemporary situation of the institutional and organizational make-up of the film industries in question, the aim is to identify the systematic challenges and opportunities that are embedded in specific film sectors. The approach is applied with the intention of facilitating a constructive discussion that explores and compares proactive strategies. The point ultimately is to identify models that might be more generally relevant and thus transferable across national boundaries

Central Asian Sources and Central Asian Research

In October 2014 about thirty scholars from Asia and Europe came together for a conference to discuss different kinds of sources for the research on Central Asia. From museum collections and ancient manuscripts to modern newspapers and pulp fiction and the wind horses flying against the blue sky of Mongolia there was a wide range of topics. Modern data processing and data management and the problems of handling five different languages and scripts for a dictionary project were leading us into the modern digital age. The dominating theme of the whole conference was the importance of collections of source material found in libraries and archives, their preservation and expansion for future generations of scholars. Some of the finest presentations were selected for this volume and are now published for a wider audience

The Glacier Complexes of the Mountain Massifs of the North-West of Inner Asia and their Dynamics

The subject of this paper is the glaciation of the mountain massifs Mongun-Taiga, Tavan-Boghd-Ola, Turgeni- Nuru, and Harhira-Nuru. The glaciation is represented mostly by small forms that sometimes form a single complex of domeshaped peaks. According to the authors, the modern glaciated area of the mountain massifs is 21.2 km2 (Tavan-Boghd-Ola), 20.3 km2 (Mongun-Taiga), 42 km2 (Turgeni- Nuru), and 33.1 km2 (Harhira-Nuru). The area of the glaciers has been shrinking since the mid 1960’s. In 1995–2008, the rate of reduction of the glaciers’ area has grown considerably: valley glaciers were rapidly degrading and splitting; accumulation of morainic material in the lower parts of the glaciers accelerated. Small glaciers transformed into snowfields and rock glaciers. There has been also a degradation of the highest parts of the glaciers and the collapse of the glacial complexes with a single zone of accumulation into isolated from each other glaciers. Reduced snow cover area has led to a rise in the firn line and the disintegration of a common accumulation area of the glacial complex. In the of the Mongun-Taiga massif, in 1995– 2008, the firn line rose by 200–300 m. The reduction of the glaciers significantly lagged behind the change in the position of the accumulation area boundary. In the past two years, there has been a significant recovery of the glaciers that could eventually lead to their slower degradation or stabilization of the glaciers in the study area

Mongolia: social and economic issues

Çevrimiçi (II, 157 Sayfa : resim, tablo ; 26 cm.)Along with the interest in general Turkish history, the interest in the history, language and culture of the Mongols has also increased; researchers who prefer this field as a field of specialization have increased. Especially in recent years, Turkish and Mongolian academics have carried out joint studies, workshops and conferences in the field of history, language and culture, and shared them with the scientific world. This historical interest in the Mongols and the geography of Mongolia has also triggered the interest in the contemporary life, social and economic situation of Mongolia. Izmir Katip Celebi University has also cooperated with Mongolian universities to bring academicians and students of the two countries closer. The book of Relations between Turkey and Mongolia in the 21st Century published by our university is also a good example of collaborative work. Our University, which continues its desire to carry out such studies with Mongolian academics, has decided to publish the book Mongolia: Social and Economic Issues as a result of this. The present work consists of 15 different studies on the contemporary social and economic situation of Mongolia, as well as Mongolian history and culture. In these studies, all of which were written by Mongolian researchers, the social and economic situation of Mongolia is discussed with data and analysis. We would like to thank the researchers who contributed to this book with their work

Traces of the Animal Past

Understanding the relationships between humans and animals is essential to a full understanding of both our present and our shared past. Across the humanities and social sciences, researchers have embraced the ‘animal turn,’ a multispecies approach to scholarship, with historians at the forefront of new research in human-animal studies that blends traditional research methods with interdisciplinary theoretical frameworks that decenter humans in historical narratives. These exciting approaches come with core methodological challenges for scholars seeking to better understand the past from non-anthropocentric perspectives. Whether in a large public archive, a small private collection, or the oral histories of living memories, stories of animals are mediated by the humans who have inscribed the records and organized archival collections. In oral histories, the place of animals in the past are further refracted by the frailty of human memory and recollection. Only traces remain for researchers to read and interpret. Bringing together seventeen original essays by a leading group of international scholars, Traces of the Animal Past showcases the innovative methods historians use to unearth and explain how animals fit into our collective histories. Situating the historian within the narrative, bringing transparency to methodological processes, and reflecting on the processes and procedures of current research, this book presents new approaches and new directions for a maturing field of historical inquiry

My Generation Will Never Forget: Oral Histories of Chinese American Students in “Separate but Equal” Oriental Schools

Asian Americans occupy a contradictory position in the American educational landscape, at once glorified for their academic success and vilified for their “invasion” of White academic spaces. This narrative first took root in the 19th century, when the California Supreme Court ruled in the 1885 case Tape v. Hurley that Chinese American youth had a right to public education. Simultaneously, the state legislature declared that Chinese Americans must be educated in separate facilities from Whites. The first segregated “Oriental school” opened in San Francisco Chinatown that year. This study explores the oft-erased history of Asian American school segregation in San Francisco and the nearby Sacramento Delta through twelve oral history interviews with Chinese American alumni of Oriental schools. Put into conversation with each other, their oral histories show how racism permeated their schooling experiences, exemplified by school demographics, English-only rules, and student-teacher dynamics. Narrators’ nuanced memories and emotions about their Oriental school experiences further reveal the deep personal impact of segregation. Drawing on these firsthand accounts, and informed by Orientalism and racial triangulation theory, I argue that Oriental schools are an essential case study for understanding how the U.S. educational system creates and reinforces Asian American racial identities