14,667 research outputs found
Nuevas Actividades Exportadoras en Brasil: Ventaja Comparativa, Políticas o Auto-Descubrimiento?
Este documento examina los hallazgos de Brasil en la exportación de aviones, teléfonos celulares y carne de cerdo. Todos los casos confirman la importancia que tienen el aumento de la eficacia y los costos irrecuperables en la expansión de las exportaciones y llevan a las siguientes conclusiones: la política económica y la ventaja comparativa desempeñaron un papel importante en la aparición de las nuevas actividades de exportación; las economías de escala fueron un factor determinante y crucial de la competitividad; y una marca de fábrica muy conocida ayudó a superar asimetrías de información y a facilitar el ingreso del producto en los mercados de exportación. Los exportadores se concentraron en el diseño, comercialización, investigación y desarrollo y ensamblaje de productos, haciendo de la coordinación con los proveedores un factor importante en sus estrategias. Las políticas públicas tuvieron además una fuerte influencia, en ocasiones involuntaria. Mientras que los gobiernos pueden fomentar los descubrimientos, especialmente ante las fallas del mercado, las políticas no pueden por sí solas generar el éxito de un exportador.
A study on China digital music channel mode and channel coordination
Content providers, service providers and telecom operators in China digital music market compete expanding to upstream and downstream channel resource. The fierce channel competition between participants has impede user service level and the development of digital music market. This paper researches into two questions. The first one is how the participants compete in four different competitive channel modes, in which revenue and service level are influenced. The second one is how participants can optimize revenue in coordination rather than competition.
To answer to first question, firstly the participants, digital music service modes and channel modes are analyzed. Then considering the service level provided by telecom operator and service provider, two-partite and three-partite Stackelberg models are constructed to explore the four competitive modes, which are High Price without Service Provider (SP) Mode, "Low Price+Shared Revenue" without SP Mode, High Price with SP participation Mode and "Low Price+Shared Revenue" with SP participation Mode. Besides, optimal strategies in four modes are calculated and numerical analysis approach is adopted to explore the influence of different factors on the equilibrium results, which are digital music service production cost coefficient, revenue sharing ratio, user price sensitive factor and user service level sensitive factor.
To find out solution to the second question, cooperative channel without SP participation mode and cooperative channel with SP participation mode are built to maximum the revenue of digital music channel participants. Finally two-partite and three-partite revenue sharing mechanisms basing on the participants' bargaining power are explored to achieve the optimal channel system revenue.
This study finds that in the four competitive digital music channel modes, the participants competing with each other leads to revenue loss. Whether SP participates, digital music channel participants revenue and system revenue in High Price Mode are better than those in "Low Price+Shared Revenue" Mode. The optimal competitive mode is High Price without SP Participation Mode. To achieve channel coordination, if without SP participating, Telecom Operator (OP) and Content Provider (CP) formulate contract according to proportion k=1/4+?/4 to share revenue, otherwise CP, SP and OP share revenue according to proportion k,v
Ownership Structure of Cable Networks and Competition in Local Access
In this paper, we discuss the role of cable television networks and their ownership structure in promoting competition in the local access market. First, we show that the dual ownership of a local telephone network and a cable network, compared with separate ownership, may increase or decrease incentives to invest in upgrading the cable television network. Second, we argue that separate ownership of the two networks is important to promote competition in local access.Cable Networks, Local Access, Competition
Micropayments: the final frontier for electronic consumer payments
Small payments of less than $5 have resisted the wave of electronification that has swept consumer payments in recent years. However, a number of innovations — both new technologies and new ways of doing business — have done much to make such electronic “micropayments” less expensive and more convenient. Now, having proven themselves in several online markets, micropayments are poised to make inroads at the physical point of sale. This paper looks at some of the success stories (and failures), both in the U.S. and abroad, to identify possible conditions for success and to gauge the outlook for the future. It finds that industry structure, the coordination of standards, and customer preferences and experiences have all influenced the development of these products. While different markets around the world have supported different types of solutions, the successful products have delivered clear utility to the consumer, along with compelling economics for the different parties in the value chain. With critical mass in sight, the future looks promising.Electronic funds transfers
The transformation of traditional banking activity in digital
Purpose: This article investigates specifics of the transformation of banking activity in the conditions of digitalization of the economy. In the light of penetration of digital technologies into all the spheres of our life, the rapid development of financial technologies and their active implementation in the banking sector of the economy, digital financial innovations are formed at the intersection of the concepts of "financial technologies" and "financial innovations".
Design/Methodology/Approach: In order to investigate the process of transformation of the banking sector in the context of digitalization, it is necessary to consider this issue from three points of view: 1) theoretical understanding of the concept of "financial technologies"; 2) the need to ensure the efficiency and sustainability of the banking sector; 3) the change in the IT- architecture of banking activities and the formation of the digital ecosystem with banks in the center. It is also reasonable to analyze promising areas of implementation of financial technologies into the banking sector.
Findings: The main directions of the development of financial technologies in the banking sector, aimed at further transformation of traditional banking services through digital technologies.
Practical Implications: The results of the study can be applied in the development of the legislative regulation of the FinTech industry in Russia.
Originality/Value: The main contribution of this study is to determine the prospects for the development of the domestic banking sector in the context of digitalization, the need to transform in order not only to improve the competitiveness and efficiency of functioning, but also to stay in the banking business.peer-reviewe
Radio Spectrum and the Disruptive Clarity OF Ronald Coase.
In the Federal Communications Commission, Ronald Coase (1959) exposed deep foundations via normative argument buttressed by astute historical observation. The government controlled scarce frequencies, issuing sharply limited use rights. Spillovers were said to be otherwise endemic. Coase saw that Government limited conflicts by restricting uses; property owners perform an analogous function via the "price system." The government solution was inefficient unless the net benefits of the alternative property regime were lower. Coase augured that the price system would outperform the administrative allocation system. His spectrum auction proposal was mocked by communications policy experts, opposed by industry interests, and ridiculed by policy makers. Hence, it took until July 25, 1994 for FCC license sales to commence. Today, some 73 U.S. auctions have been held, 27,484 licenses sold, and 17 billion in U.S. welfare losses have been averted. Not bad for the first 50 years of this, or any, Article appearing in Volume II of the Journal of Law & Economics.
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Latecomer firms and pursuit of a dual frontier: the case of Korean handset manufacturers
The subject of this thesis is a group of emergent leading firms in developing countries
pursuing a ‘dual frontier’, achieving technology supremacy and establishing market
autonomy, and entering a newly emerging market in the context of the latter half of the
20th century. Whilst the previous literature on catching-up and transition generally
centres on the area of technological development of latecomer firms, this thesis extends
the scope of analysis to a broader issue of technological development and marketing
strategies of latecomer firms in transition. The thesis builds upon two different streams
of literature: first the catching-up process in latecomer firms for the theoretical and
empirical rationales, and second the boundaries of a firm and inter-firm coordination in
technological frontier firms for the theoretical guidance to a systematic analysis.
Using industry case studies of the Korean mobile handset manufacturers Samsung and
LG Electronics, the thesis first shows that there could be windows of opportunity
available for international technology transfer to emergent leading firms in the emerging
stage of a new industry from competition to achieve a dominant compatibility standard
among technology leaders. However, the research stresses that the characteristic of these
technologies is cutting-edge but technologically incomplete and commercially unproven,
which highlights the importance of previous experience and capacity for successful
commercialisation.
Moreover, the thesis shows that Korean firms pursuing a dual frontier overcame their
uneven development between technological and marketing capabilities through
intensive inter-firm collaborations with intermediary users, that is Mobile Network
Operators (MNOs). In the thesis, it is stressed that Korean firms competed against
technology leaders like Nokia in export markets by complementing weak marketing
capabilities based on continuous collaborations with MNOs, evolving from von
Hippelian to Teecean inter-firm relationships.
Lastly, the thesis introduces to the literature on industry organisation a new form of an
outsourcing organisation, termed a ‘contract developer’ (CD), which has been identified
as a group of firms that is unilaterally specialised in, and that carries out development
outsourcing projects for, mobile handset Own Brand Manufacturers (OBMs). The thesis
reveals that CDs emerged from the industry shake-out and the co-specialised structure
between mobile handset OBMs and MNOs in the industry and served as one of main
mechanisms that supported the successful globalisation of the Korean firms.
Therefore, the thesis argues that the key strategy that Korean emergent leading firms
adopted to compete at the world frontier can be described as a ‘quasi’ extension of firm
boundaries in terms of development resources (the CDs) and in terms of downstream
capabilities (the MNOs)
Fighting Poverty, Profitably: Transforming the Economics of Payments to Build Sustainable, Inclusive Financial Systems
The Gates Foundation's Financial Services for the Poor program (FSP) believes that effective financial services are paramount in the fight against poverty. Nonetheless, today more than 2 billion people live outside the formal financial sector. Increasing their access to high quality, affordable financial services will accelerate the well-being of households, communities, and economies in the developing world. One of the most promising ways to deliver these financial services to the poor -- profitably and at scale -- is by using digital payment platforms.These are the conclusions we have reached as the result of extensive research in pursuit of one of the Foundation's primary missions: to give the world's poorest people the chance to lift themselves out of hunger and extreme poverty.FSP conducted this research because we believe that there is a gap in the fact base and understanding of how payment systems can extend digital services to low income consumers in developing markets. This is a complex topic, with fragmented information and a high degree of country-by-country variability. A complete view across the entire payment system has been missing, limiting how system providers, policy makers, and regulators (groups we refer to collectively as financial inclusion stakeholders) evaluate decisions and take actions. With a holistic view of the payment system, we believe that interventions can have higher impact, and stakeholders can better understand and address the ripple effects that changes to one part of the system can have. In this report, we focus on the economics of payment systems to understand how they can be transformed to serve poor people in a way that is profitable and sustainable in aggregate
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