Glosarium Matematika

273 p.; 24 cm

Aeronautical engineering: A special bibliography with indexes, supplement 80

This bibliography lists 277 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in January 1977

Urban Vitality in Dutch and Chinese New Towns. A comparative study between Almere and Tongzhou

Building new towns seems to be a rational regionalization approach that releases pressure from overly burdened large cities. This strategy was developed in Western Europe in the middle of twentieth century. Since the 1990s, the European new town model has been widely implemented in China. However, the author questions the feasibility of the large-scale, hasty new town developments. The study of worldwide new town experiences, especially European and Chinese cases, demonstrates that many new towns in fact have difficulty in achieving a real sense of urban quality and vitality. So far, few research projects have been conducted to evaluate and develop solutions for this problem. The purpose of this research project is therefore to identify the spatial and non-spatial factors and conditions that facilitate the development of urban vitality in new towns. It is aimed to reveal the impacts of spatial design, urban planning and governance approaches on the degree and patterns of local urban life of new towns in China and in the Netherlands. The generated knowledge of this research project helps develop not only a better understanding of the main problems of new towns, but also spatial strategies with the aim to enliven new towns and other types of (sub)urban areas as well. The central research question is approached through literature review and case studies. The literature review provides a critical re-evaluation of the scientific validation of the new town model, especially the notion of town self-containment in economic terms. The relevant theories under study mainly include regional science and economic geography. The literature review also clarifies the general definition of urban vitality and its distinct meanings in different socio-economic and political backgrounds of the two societies, sets up the quantitative measurements methodology, and identifies a preliminary framework of spatial factors and conditions. As it turns out, the key indicators of urban vitality are the co-presence of people as well as the social, cultural and economic activities in public spaces. The primary conditions are categorized as attractor-determinism, space-determinism and people-determinism. In regard to the spatial factors, the focus is on the spatial configuration of street networks, the composition of urban blocks and neighborhoods, as well as the value of details on small scales. The non-spatial factors primarily include the changing urban planning and governance approaches. The systems approach of planning and control, and the decentralization of decision-making powers are of particular importance to the topic. Various urban vitality evaluation criteria are derived, and then applied and tested in the comparative case studies. The Dutch new town Almere and the Chinese new town Tongzhou are both important new towns in their regions. They are selected based on their contrasting features as planned and market-driven, self-organized new towns, and the resultant differences in the level and character of their urban vitality. It is believed that their governments could gain inspiration from each other’s experiences for the future development of the towns. The key analytical approach of the case studies is to overlap multiple layers of top-down socio-spatial analyses with the actual space use from the bottom-up field investigations. The spatial analysis focuses on finding relations between the distribution of the planned and unplanned socioeconomic activities and the spatial configuration of different elements on different scales. Space syntax is adopted as one of the key analytical tools. The field study tasks include registering people’s movement of flows through static snapshots method, the mapping of self-organized small-businesses, activities and space appropriations, and conducting interviews and surveys of city officials, local people and shop owners. The results of the comparative case studies show that there is a strong correlation between space and the socio-economic life in new towns. As a market-driven, spontaneous new town, streets are the key places for socio-economic activities in Tongzhou. An essential spatial condition stimulating dynamic street life is found to be the open grid network structure with the mixture of diverse commercial, cultural and public programs widely dispersed on street frontages. The proliferation of groundfloor small businesses at the perimeters of neighborhoods in Tongzhou constitutes a big part of the street life, especially for the areas near public transport stations. As a top-down planned town, Almere excels at effective planning control and responsible social considerations, which benefits the long-term well-being of the city. Good urban governance is reflected not only in the public provisions and city marketing, but more importantly, in the quality of the public services and the available opportunities of citizen participation. For example, adaptable architectural design and bottom-up community planning implemented in Almere has positive impacts on animating local and perspective inhabitants, hence increasing urban vitality in another dimension. Interestingly, many of the home-based small businesses in Almere thrive by virtue of internet platform, despite that the effect is subtle in terms of bringing street activities. Both new towns need to further develop and experiment with new approaches of urban planning. Such new approaches are intended to be capable of creating a framework for a dynamic system to grow, balancing the planned and unplanned elements, involving a diversity of interested parties in the development process, being adaptive to changes over time, and emphasizing the quality of life for their citizens. Finally, the empirical and theoretical study findings are compared to each other. It results in a refined definition of urban vitality, which is synthesized into the placepeople-program triangle diagram, an enriched list of the favorable spatial conditions that are required to generate a sense of urban vitality, as well as a clear proposal for an upgraded urban planning and governance approach that is open to the complexity and uncertainty of contemporary societies

Urban Vitality in Dutch and Chinese New Towns:

Building new towns seems to be a rational regionalization approach that releases pressure from overly burdened large cities. This strategy was developed in Western Europe in the middle of twentieth century. Since the 1990s, the European new town model has been widely implemented in China. However, the author questions the feasibility of the large-scale, hasty new town developments. The study of worldwide new town experiences, especially European and Chinese cases, demonstrates that many new towns in fact have difficulty in achieving a real sense of urban quality and vitality. So far, few research projects have been conducted to evaluate and develop solutions for this problem. The purpose of this research project is therefore to identify the spatial and non-spatial factors and conditions that facilitate the development of urban vitality in new towns. It is aimed to reveal the impacts of spatial design, urban planning and governance approaches on the degree and patterns of local urban life of new towns in China and in the Netherlands. The generated knowledge of this research project helps develop not only a better understanding of the main problems of new towns, but also spatial strategies with the aim to enliven new towns and other types of (sub)urban areas as well. The central research question is approached through literature review and case studies. The literature review provides a critical re-evaluation of the scientific validation of the new town model, especially the notion of town self-containment in economic terms. The relevant theories under study mainly include regional science and economic geography. The literature review also clarifies the general definition of urban vitality and its distinct meanings in different socio-economic and political backgrounds of the two societies, sets up the quantitative measurements methodology, and identifies a preliminary framework of spatial factors and conditions. As it turns out, the key indicators of urban vitality are the co-presence of people as well as the social, cultural and economic activities in public spaces. The primary conditions are categorized as attractor-determinism, space-determinism and people-determinism. In regard to the spatial factors, the focus is on the spatial configuration of street networks, the composition of urban blocks and neighborhoods, as well as the value of details on small scales. The non-spatial factors primarily include the changing urban planning and governance approaches. The systems approach of planning and control, and the decentralization of decision-making powers are of particular importance to the topic. Various urban vitality evaluation criteria are derived, and then applied and tested in the comparative case studies. The Dutch new town Almere and the Chinese new town Tongzhou are both important new towns in their regions. They are selected based on their contrasting features as planned and market-driven, self-organized new towns, and the resultant differences in the level and character of their urban vitality. It is believed that their governments could gain inspiration from each other’s experiences for the future development of the towns. The key analytical approach of the case studies is to overlap multiple layers of top-down socio-spatial analyses with the actual space use from the bottom-up field investigations. The spatial analysis focuses on finding relations between the distribution of the planned and unplanned socioeconomic activities and the spatial configuration of different elements on different scales. Space syntax is adopted as one of the key analytical tools. The field study tasks include registering people’s movement of flows through static snapshots method, the mapping of self-organized small-businesses, activities and space appropriations, and conducting interviews and surveys of city officials, local people and shop owners. The results of the comparative case studies show that there is a strong correlation between space and the socio-economic life in new towns. As a market-driven, spontaneous new town, streets are the key places for socio-economic activities in Tongzhou. An essential spatial condition stimulating dynamic street life is found to be the open grid network structure with the mixture of diverse commercial, cultural and public programs widely dispersed on street frontages. The proliferation of groundfloor small businesses at the perimeters of neighborhoods in Tongzhou constitutes a big part of the street life, especially for the areas near public transport stations. As a top-down planned town, Almere excels at effective planning control and responsible social considerations, which benefits the long-term well-being of the city. Good urban governance is reflected not only in the public provisions and city marketing, but more importantly, in the quality of the public services and the available opportunities of citizen participation. For example, adaptable architectural design and bottom-up community planning implemented in Almere has positive impacts on animating local and perspective inhabitants, hence increasing urban vitality in another dimension. Interestingly, many of the home-based small businesses in Almere thrive by virtue of internet platform, despite that the effect is subtle in terms of bringing street activities. Both new towns need to further develop and experiment with new approaches of urban planning. Such new approaches are intended to be capable of creating a framework for a dynamic system to grow, balancing the planned and unplanned elements, involving a diversity of interested parties in the development process, being adaptive to changes over time, and emphasizing the quality of life for their citizens. Finally, the empirical and theoretical study findings are compared to each other. It results in a refined definition of urban vitality, which is synthesized into the placepeople-program triangle diagram, an enriched list of the favorable spatial conditions that are required to generate a sense of urban vitality, as well as a clear proposal for an upgraded urban planning and governance approach that is open to the complexity and uncertainty of contemporary societies

Optimizing the prediction of genotypic values accounting for spatial trend andpopulation structure

Different effects, like the design of the field trial, agricultural practice, competition between neighboured plots, climate as well as the spatial trend, have an influence on the non-genotypic variation of the genotype. This effects influence the prediction of the genotypic value by the non-genotypic variation. The error, which results from the influence of the non-genotypic variation, can be separated from the phenotypic value by field design and statistical models. The integration of different information, like spatial trend or marker, can lead to an improved prediction of genotypic values. The present work consists of four studies from the area of plant breeding and crop science, in which the prediction of the genotypic values was optimized with inclusion of the above mentioned aspects. Goals of the work were: (1) to compare the different spatial models and to find one model, which is applicable as routine in plant breeding analysis, (2) to optimize the analysis of unreplicated trials of plant breeding experiments by improving the allocation of replicated check genotypes, (3) to improve the analysis of intercropping experiments by using spatial models and to detect the neighbour effect between the different cultivars, and (4) to optimize the calculation of the genome-wide error rate in association mapping experiments by using an approach which regards the population structure. Different spatial models and a baseline model, which reflects the randomization of the field trial, were compared in three of the four studies. In one study the models were compared on basis of different efficiency criteria with the goal to find a model, which is applicable as routine in plant breeding experiments. In the second study the different spatial models and the baseline model were compared on unreplicated trials, which are used in the early generation of the plant breeding process. Adjacent to the comparison of the models in this study different designs were compared with the goal to see if a non-systematic allocation of check genotypes is more preferable than a systematic allocation of check genotypes. In the third study these different models were tested for intercropping experiments. In this study it should be tested, if an improvement is expectable for these non randomized or restricted randomized trials by using a spatial analysis. The results of the three studies are that no spatial model could be found, which is preferable over all other spatial models. In a lot of cases the baseline model, which regards only the randomization, but no spatial trend, was better than the spatial models, also for the restricted or non-randomized intercropping trials. In all three studies the basic principle was followed to start first with the baseline model, which is based on the randomization theory, and then to extend it by spatial trend, if the model fit can be improved. In the second study the systematic and non-systematic allocation of check plots in unreplicated trials were compared to solve the question if a non-systematic allocation leads to more efficient estimates of genotypes as the systematic allocation. The non-systematic allocation of check plots led to an unbiased estimation in three of four uniformity trials. As well as in the third study an analysis was done, if the border plots of the different cultivars are influenced by the neighboured cultivar and if there are significant differences to the inner plot. The position of the cultivars, border plot or inner plot, had a significant influence of the yield. If maize was cultivated adjacent to pea, the yield of the border plot of maize was much higher than the inner plot of maize. When wheat was cultivated behind maize, there were no significant differences in the yield, if the plot was a border plot or inner plot. In addition to optimizing the field design for unreplicated trials and the extension of the models by spatial trend the marker information was integrated in a fourth study. An approach was proposed in this study, which calculates the genome wide error for association mapping experiments and accounts for the population structure. Advantages of this approach in contrast to previously published approaches are that the approach on the one hand is not too conservative and on the other hand accounts the population structure. The adherence of the genome wide error rate was tested on three datasets, which were provided by different plant breeding companies. The results of these studies, which were obtained in this thesis, show that by the different extensions, like integration of spatial trend and marker information, and modifications of the field design, an improved prediction of the genotypic values can be achieved.Unterschiedliche Einflüsse, wie Versuchsdesign, landwirtschaftliche Versuchstechnik, Konkurrenz zwischen benachbarten Parzellen, Klima sowie räumlicher Trend wirken sich auf die nicht-genotypische Variation eines Genotyps aus. Diese Einflüsse beeinflussen die Schätzung des genotypischen Wertes durch den nicht-genotypischen Anteil an Variation. Über Versuchsdesign und statistische Modelle kann ein sich durch den Einfluss der nicht-genotypischen Variation ergebender Fehler vom phänotypischen Wert getrennt werden.. Die vorliegende Arbeit besteht aus drei pflanzenzüchterischen und einer pflanzenbaulichen Studie, in denen die Schätzung der genotypischen Werte unter Einbeziehung verschiedener Aspekte optimiert wurden. Zielstellung der Arbeit war: (1) die unterschiedlichsten geostatistischen Verfahren zu vergleichen und ein Verfahren heraus zu filtern, das routinemäßig in der pflanzenzüchterischen Auswertung zu verwenden ist, (2) die Analyse von unwiederholten pflanzenzüchterischen Versuchen durch eine verbesserte Allokation wiederholter Standardgenotypen zu optimieren, (3) die Analyse von pflanzenbaulichen Intercropping Versuchen durch eine geostatistische Auswertung zu verbessern und den Nachbarschaftseffekt zwischen den unterschiedlichen Kulturarten zu erfassen, (4) die Berechung des genomweiten Fehlers in Assoziationsstudien durch ein Verfahren unter Berücksichtigung der Population zu optimieren. Die unterschiedlichsten räumlichen Modelle und ein Grundmodell, welches nur die Randomisation des Feldversuches widerspiegelte, wurden in drei Studien miteinander verglichen. In der ersten Studie wurden die Modelle anhand unterschiedlicher Effizienzkriterien verglichen mit dem Ziel ein Modell zu finden, das in der Pflanzenzüchtung als Routineanalyse einsetzbar ist. In der zweiten Studie wurden dieselben Modelle an unwiederholten Versuchen, die in den ersten Generationen des Pflanzenzüchtungsprozess angewendet werden, gegenübergestellt. In dieser Studie wurde auf Basis von Blindversuchsdaten neben den räumlichen Modellen auch abgewogen, ob eine nicht-systematische Anordnung von Standardgenotypen einer systematischen Anordnung von Standardgenotypen vorzuziehen ist. In einer dritten Studie wurde dieselben Modelle an pflanzenbaulichen Intercropping - Experimenten untersucht. In dieser Studie sollte daher überprüft werden, ob zum einem eine Verbesserung durch eine geostatistische Auswertung auf restriktiven bzw. nicht randomisierten Versuche zu erwarten ist. Die Ergebnisse der drei Studien zeigten, dass kein räumliches Modell gefunden werden konnte, das den anderen räumlichen Modellen vorzuziehen ist. Es war ersichtlich, dass in vielen Fällen das Grundmodell mit Randomisation des Feldversuches und ohne Berücksichtigung räumlichen Trends Vorteile gegenüber den räumlichen Modellen offenbarte, auch für die restriktiv bzw. nicht randomisierten Versuche. In allen drei Studien wurde der Grundsatz verfolgt, zuerst mit dem auf der Randomisationstheorie basierenden Grundmodell zu beginnen und in der Folge, sofern eine offensichtliche Verbesserung zu erwarten war, durch den räumlichen Trend zu erweitern. In der zweiten Studie wurde die systematische und nicht-systematische Verteilung der Standards in unwiederholten Versuchen gegenübergestellt mit der Frage, ob eine nicht-systematische Anordnung von Standards zu einer verbesserten Schätzung der Genotypen führt. Eine nicht-systematische Anordnung der Standards führte in drei von vier Blindversuchen zu einer verbesserten Schätzung. Zum anderen fand in der dritten Studie eine Untersuchung der Randparzelle verschiedener Kulturarten auf Beeinflussung durch benachbarte Kulturarten statt, die auf Unterschiede im untersuchten Merkmal zur Mittelparzelle hin untersucht wurde. Sowohl die Randposition als auch die mittlere Parzelle, hatte eine Auswirkung auf den Ertrag der Kulturart. Sofern Mais neben Erbse angebaut wurde, war der Ertrag der Randparzelle bei Mais höher. Für die Kombination Weizen neben Mais konnte kein signifikanter Unterschied im Ertrag festgestellt werden. Neben der Optimierung des Versuchsdesigns für unwiederholte Versuche und der Erweiterung der Modelle um den räumlichen Trend wurde in einer vierten Studie die Markerinformation eingebunden. Ein Ansatz wurde in dieser Studie vorgestellt, der den genomweiten Fehler unter Berücksichtigung der Populationsstruktur einhält. Die Vorteile dieses Ansatzes gegenüber den bisher publizierten Verfahren sind der nur moderat konservative Charakter und die Berücksichtigung der Populationsstruktur. Die Einhaltung der genomweiten Fehlerrate wurde anhand von drei Datensätzen verschiedener Pflanzenzüchtungsunternehmen überprüft. Die Ergebnisse der Studien zeigen, dass über unterschiedliche Erweiterungen und Verbesserungen, wie zum Beispiel die Integration von räumlicher Information, und Markerinformation sowie eine Optimierung des Feldversuchdesigns, eine verbesserte Schätzung des genotypischen Wertes erzielt werden kann