5 research outputs found
Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (ctDCS) Effect in Perception and Modulation of Pain
Transcranial direct stimulation (tDCS) in the treatment of intractable or marginally tractable pain is experiencing an increasing diffusion in many fields worldwide. Recently, new modality of tDCS application has been proposed and applied, as cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (ctDCS). Indeed, the cerebellum has been proved to play a role in pain processing and to be involved in a wide number of integrative functions. In this chapter, we encompass the history of the technique, analysis of principles, a general description, including the methodological procedures of ctDCS; then, main clinical applications and their main effects in perceptive threshold of pain and other sensation, pain intensity, and laser evoked potentials (LEPs) changes
Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation in neurological disease
Several studies have highlighted the therapeutic potential of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in patients with neurological diseases, including dementia, epilepsy, post-stroke dysfunctions, movement disorders, and other pathological conditions. Because of this technique's ability to modify cerebellar excitability without significant side effects, cerebellar tDCS is a new, interesting, and powerful tool to induce plastic modifications in the cerebellum. In this report, we review a number of interesting studies on the application of cerebellar tDCS for various neurological conditions (ataxia, Parkinson's disease, dystonia, essential tremor) and the possible mechanism by which the stimulation acts on the cerebellum. Study findings indicate that cerebellar tDCS is a promising therapeutic tool in treating several neurological disorders; however, this method's efficacy appears to be limited, given the current data
ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡΠ·ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΠΈ Π΅ΠΏΡΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π° ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ (Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ)
ΠΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΡΠ² Π΅ΠΏΡΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ (Π’ΠΠΠ‘) ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΊΡ ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π³ΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ³Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ. ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Π’ΠΠΠ‘ ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ» (ΠΠ’Π)-ΡΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄Π»ΡΠ½Π³Ρ, ΡΠΊΡ Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ Π’ΠΠΠ‘ ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ. ΠΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ² Π·Π° ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ° Π°Π½ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° (Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ° VI) Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ² ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΌ β Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½-ΠΊΡΠ½Π°Π·ΠΈ Π. ΠΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΡΡ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ±Π»Π°, ΡΠΊΠ° Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ° Π’ΠΠΠ‘ ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Ξ³-ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ², ΡΠΊΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ (PPARΞ³), Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ² ΡΠ° Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π·Π° ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ NMDA ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ² ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠ² ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠ°Π½Π½Ρ-ΡΠΏΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄Π»ΡΠ½Π³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΄ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π’ΠΠΠ‘ ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°.ΠΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ (Π’Π ΠΠ’) ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π’Π ΠΠ’ ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ» (ΠΠ’Π) - ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π’Π ΠΠ’ ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° (Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ° VI) Π² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΌ - Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½-ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π°Π·Ρ Π. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π’Π ΠΠ’ ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ PPARΞ³, Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ NMDA ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° Π±ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅-ΡΠ½Π° Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π’Π ΠΠ’ ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°.Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) (600 mcA, 15,0min) induced the latency of seizures increase, which were produced via i.p. pentyelenetetrazol (PTZ) administration (30,0 mg/kg) β by 38,8 % - 47,5 % pertained to the control data (p<0,05). The prevention of generalized seizure fits along with the reduction of ictal seizure discharges by 42,1 % were registered as well (p<0,02). It was established that tDCS of the frontal cortex significantly reduced the number of rats with generalized seizure fits (p<0,05), while their averaged severity remained to be higher when compared with cerebellar tDCS rats (p<0,02). The increase of the seizures latency by 33,5 % - 44,4 % (p<0,05) caused by cerebellar tDCS was established on the model of acute PTZ-induced (60,0 mg/kg, i.p.) seizures. It was established that anode β induced antiseizure effects are observed in 0,25- 2,0 h after tDCS, while cathode β induced antiseizure effects are registered appeared at the end of the first poststimulative hour and were clearly defined up to the 10th hour on the model of maximal electroshock seizures. For the first time the heightening of antiseizure effects of cerebellar tDCS with axitinib, which blocks tyrosine β kinase B activity, have been established. Thus, the latency of kindled seizures after axitinib administration (10,0 mg/kg) and cerebellar tDCS exceeded such one in the control by 2,5 times (p<0,05) and was significantly differ from corresponded data in groups with separate usage of tDCS and axitinib - by 30,2 %-47,4 %, (p<0,05). The combined usage of five trial of electric stimulation (100 Hz) of paleocerebellar lobule VI and axitinib (5,0 mg/kg), which were separately not effective, reduced the severity of PTZ-induced seizures by 38,7 % (p<0,05) when compared with the control. This fact points on the role of lobule VI as a mediator of antiseizure effects of cerebellar tDCS. Administration of silver nanoparticles (30,0 nm) to rats with "submaximal" kindling induced the shortening of the seizure latency by 35,4 % (p<0,05) along with the increasing of their severity by 18,2 % (p<0,05). Such facilitation of seizures was blocked with axitinib (5,0 mg/kg, i.p., 7 days), or with cerebellar tDCS performed with cathode.
The development of antiseizure effects was established under conditions of tDCS (5,0 min) performed after blocking of NMDA receptors with ketamine (75,0 mg/kg, i.p.). The blockade of peroxisomal proliferator-activated Ξ³-receptors (PPARΞ³) with bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (2,2β-[(1-methylethylidene) bis (4,1-phenyleneoxymethylene)] bis-oxirane, (BADGE, 100 mg/kg, i.p.) abolished the antiseizure effects of cerebellar tDCS on kindled seizures. For the first time it was established that anode cerebellar tDCS increased the duration of paradoxal sleep by 41,2 %, (p<0,05), decreased it fragmentation by 34,5 %, (p<0,05), as well as prolonged the latency of paradoxal sleep by 57,1 %, (p<0,05) in kindled rats. Cerebellar tDCS with cathode increased the latency of paradoxal sleep by 46,7 %, (p<0,05) and reduced it fragmentation by 23,7 % (p<0,05). It was established that cathode cerebellar tDCS reduced the power of alpha-band oscillations in the frontal brain cortex by 30,6 % (p<0,05), while anode tDCS reduced the power of both delta- and alpha- band power by 26,2 % (p<0,05) and by 38,6 % (p<0,05) correspondently. Anode tDCS also increased the power of beta- by 37,4 % (p<0,05) and gamma oscillations by 1,51 times (p<0,05)
ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡΠ·ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΠΈ Π΅ΠΏΡΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π° ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ (Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ)
ΠΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΡΠ² Π΅ΠΏΡΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠΎΠΌ (Π’ΠΠΠ‘) ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΊΡ ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π³ΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ³Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ. ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Π’ΠΠΠ‘ ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ» (ΠΠ’Π)-ΡΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄Π»ΡΠ½Π³Ρ, ΡΠΊΡ Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ Π’ΠΠΠ‘ ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ. ΠΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ² Π·Π° ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ° Π°Π½ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° (Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ° VI) Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ² ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΌ β Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½-ΠΊΡΠ½Π°Π·ΠΈ Π. ΠΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΡΡ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ±Π»Π°, ΡΠΊΠ° Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ° Π’ΠΠΠ‘ ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Ξ³-ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ², ΡΠΊΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ (PPARΞ³), Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ² ΡΠ° Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π·Π° ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ NMDA ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ² ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠ² ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠ°Π½Π½Ρ-ΡΠΏΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄Π»ΡΠ½Π³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΄ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π’ΠΠΠ‘ ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°.ΠΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ (Π’Π ΠΠ’) ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π³Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π’Π ΠΠ’ ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ» (ΠΠ’Π) - ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π’Π ΠΠ’ ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° (Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ° VI) Π² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΌ - Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½-ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π°Π·Ρ Π. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π’Π ΠΠ’ ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ PPARΞ³, Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ NMDA ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° Π±ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅-ΡΠ½Π° Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π’Π ΠΠ’ ΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°.Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) (600 mcA, 15,0min) induced the latency of seizures increase, which were produced via i.p. pentyelenetetrazol (PTZ) administration (30,0 mg/kg) β by 38,8 % - 47,5 % pertained to the control data (p<0,05). The prevention of generalized seizure fits along with the reduction of ictal seizure discharges by 42,1 % were registered as well (p<0,02). It was established that tDCS of the frontal cortex significantly reduced the number of rats with generalized seizure fits (p<0,05), while their averaged severity remained to be higher when compared with cerebellar tDCS rats (p<0,02). The increase of the seizures latency by 33,5 % - 44,4 % (p<0,05) caused by cerebellar tDCS was established on the model of acute PTZ-induced (60,0 mg/kg, i.p.) seizures. It was established that anode β induced antiseizure effects are observed in 0,25- 2,0 h after tDCS, while cathode β induced antiseizure effects are registered appeared at the end of the first poststimulative hour and were clearly defined up to the 10th hour on the model of maximal electroshock seizures. For the first time the heightening of antiseizure effects of cerebellar tDCS with axitinib, which blocks tyrosine β kinase B activity, have been established. Thus, the latency of kindled seizures after axitinib administration (10,0 mg/kg) and cerebellar tDCS exceeded such one in the control by 2,5 times (p<0,05) and was significantly differ from corresponded data in groups with separate usage of tDCS and axitinib - by 30,2 %-47,4 %, (p<0,05). The combined usage of five trial of electric stimulation (100 Hz) of paleocerebellar lobule VI and axitinib (5,0 mg/kg), which were separately not effective, reduced the severity of PTZ-induced seizures by 38,7 % (p<0,05) when compared with the control. This fact points on the role of lobule VI as a mediator of antiseizure effects of cerebellar tDCS. Administration of silver nanoparticles (30,0 nm) to rats with "submaximal" kindling induced the shortening of the seizure latency by 35,4 % (p<0,05) along with the increasing of their severity by 18,2 % (p<0,05). Such facilitation of seizures was blocked with axitinib (5,0 mg/kg, i.p., 7 days), or with cerebellar tDCS performed with cathode.
The development of antiseizure effects was established under conditions of tDCS (5,0 min) performed after blocking of NMDA receptors with ketamine (75,0 mg/kg, i.p.). The blockade of peroxisomal proliferator-activated Ξ³-receptors (PPARΞ³) with bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (2,2β-[(1-methylethylidene) bis (4,1-phenyleneoxymethylene)] bis-oxirane, (BADGE, 100 mg/kg, i.p.) abolished the antiseizure effects of cerebellar tDCS on kindled seizures. For the first time it was established that anode cerebellar tDCS increased the duration of paradoxal sleep by 41,2 %, (p<0,05), decreased it fragmentation by 34,5 %, (p<0,05), as well as prolonged the latency of paradoxal sleep by 57,1 %, (p<0,05) in kindled rats. Cerebellar tDCS with cathode increased the latency of paradoxal sleep by 46,7 %, (p<0,05) and reduced it fragmentation by 23,7 % (p<0,05). It was established that cathode cerebellar tDCS reduced the power of alpha-band oscillations in the frontal brain cortex by 30,6 % (p<0,05), while anode tDCS reduced the power of both delta- and alpha- band power by 26,2 % (p<0,05) and by 38,6 % (p<0,05) correspondently. Anode tDCS also increased the power of beta- by 37,4 % (p<0,05) and gamma oscillations by 1,51 times (p<0,05)
Computational model of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation
This work aimed to estimate the distribution of the electric field and current density generated by cerebellar tDCS using electromagnetics computational techniques applied to a realistic human models of different ages and gender.
Results show that the stronger electric field and current density occur mainly in the cerebellar cortex, with a spread toward the occipital region of the cortex, while the current spread to other structures is negligible. Moreover, changes of about 1 cm in the position of the scalp electrode delivering tDCS did not influence the E and J distribution in the cerebellum