6 research outputs found

    Content-based image analysis with applications to the multifunction printer imaging pipeline and image databases

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    Image understanding is one of the most important topics for various applications. Most of image understanding studies focus on content-based approach while some others also rely on meta data of images. Image understanding includes several sub-topics such as classification, segmentation, retrieval and automatic annotation etc., which are heavily studied recently. This thesis proposes several new methods and algorithms for image classification, retrieval and automatic tag generation. The proposed algorithms have been tested and verified in multiple platforms. For image classification, our proposed method can complete classification in real-time under hardware constraints of all-in-one printer and adaptively improve itself by online learning. Another image understanding engine includes both classification and image quality analysis is designed to solve the optimal compression problem of printing system. Our proposed image retrieval algorithm can be applied to either PC or mobile device to improve the hybrid learning experience. We also develop a new matrix factorization algorithm to better recover the image meta data (tag). The proposed algorithm outperforms other existing matrix factorization methods

    Text block compression of a compound image using a sub-pixel index

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 8. ์ดํ˜์žฌ.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” compound image์˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ธ”๋ก์„ ์••์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ธ”๋ก์„ ์••์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ธ SPGC ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ธ”๋ก์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” sub-pixel์˜ ์„ ํ˜•์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•์„ gradient๋กœ ์ฝ”๋”ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ SPGC ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋†’์€ ์••์ถ•๋ฅ ๊ณผ PSNR์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€๋งŒ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ธ”๋ก์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” gradient์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‹ด์•„๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” gradient์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ gradient๋ฅผ ์••์ถ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ global index compression๊ณผ local index compression์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” gradient๋‚˜ gradient๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ pattern์„ dictionary์— ์ €์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ dictionary์˜ index๋กœ ์ฝ”๋”ฉํ•˜๋Š” dictionary index ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Global index compression์€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ธ”๋ก ์ „์ฒด ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” gradient์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด index๋กœ ์ฝ”๋”ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. Global index์˜ dictionary๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” gradient๋งŒ์„ entry๋กœ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. Dictionary์— ์ €์žฅ๋œ gradient์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ variable length code ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ index bit๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์••์ถ• ํšจ์œจ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ dictionary์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ index bit๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ธ”๋ก ๋‚ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” gradient์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ adaptiveํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. Local index compression์€ global index compression ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์••์ถ•๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” gradient์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด๋‹ค. Global index compression ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์••์ถ•๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” gradients๋Š” complex pattern์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋„๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, local index dictionary๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ complex pattern์„ entry๋กœ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ธ”๋ก์˜ sub-pixel ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” gradient๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด index ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์••์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ SPGC ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด์„œ 20~25% ๋†’์€ ์••์ถ• ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, PSNR ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” 1~1.5dB์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ 4 1.3 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ sub-pixel gradient ์ฝ”๋”ฉ 6 2.1 De-colorization 6 2.2 ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ธ”๋ก ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 8 2.2.1 Gradient ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 9 2.2.2 Gradient๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 10 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ Global index ์ฝ”๋”ฉ 12 3.1 ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ธ”๋ก์˜ gradient ํŠน์ง• 12 3.2 Global index ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 17 3.2.1 Adaptive block decision 18 3.2.2 Global index ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ํ›„๋ณด 21 3.2.3 Index ๋ถ€์—ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ index ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์กฐ๊ฑด 22 3.2.4 Dictionary ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฐฉ์‹ 27 3.3 Global index ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๋™์ž‘ 29 3.3.1 Global index ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ํ›„๋ณด์ธ gradient์˜ Global index ์ฝ”๋”ฉ - (1) 31 3.3.2 Global index ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ํ›„๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ gradient์˜ SPGC ์ฝ”๋”ฉ 33 3.3.3 Global index ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ํ›„๋ณด์ธ gradient์˜ SPGC ์ฝ”๋”ฉ โ€“ (1) 35 3.3.4 Global index ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ํ›„๋ณด์ธ gradient์˜ Global index ์ฝ”๋”ฉ โ€“ (2) 37 3.3.5 Global index ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ํ›„๋ณด์ธ gradient์˜ SPGC ์ฝ”๋”ฉ โ€“ (2) 39 3.3.6 Global index ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ํ›„๋ณด์ธ gradient์˜ Global index ์ฝ”๋”ฉ โ€“ (3) 42 3.4 Global index ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 44 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ Local index ์ฝ”๋”ฉ 51 4.1 Row ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” graident ํŠน์ง• 53 4.2 Local index ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 56 4.2.1 ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ Local index ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ํ›„๋ณด 57 4.2.2 Local index dictionary vs Global index dictionary 59 4.2.3 Local index dictionary ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 60 4.3 Local index ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 62 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  66 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 68 Abstract 70Maste

    Sub-pixel gradient ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ compound ์˜์ƒ ์••์ถ•

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2014. 2. ๊น€์ˆ˜ํ™˜.์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” compound image ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „์†ก ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ฐ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ compound image๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜์ƒ์ด ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜์ƒ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋งž๋Š” ์˜์ƒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•ด ์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์„œ๋ฒ„์™€ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ™œํžˆ ์ƒ์„ฑ/์žฌํ˜„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Compound image ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋Š” ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ก ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ๋ธ”๋ก๊ฐ„์— ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์˜์ƒ์˜ ํ™”์งˆ์€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์—ญ์ด์šฉํ•œ sub-pixel gradient ๋ธ”๋ก ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‰ํŒ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์—์„œ๋Š” ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์›€์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ sub-pixel ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Ÿ‰์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ whole-pixel์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด, ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—๋Š” sub-pixel gradient ๋ธ”๋ก ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ์ด ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง์„ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ์†์‹ค ์••์ถ•๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์˜์ƒ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์˜์ƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์–‘์žํ™”๋‚˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์˜ ์†์‹ค์ด ์ปค์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌด ์†์‹ค ์••์ถ• ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋†’์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์˜์ƒ ์ „์†ก ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” sub-pixel gradient ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์˜์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์ƒ์˜ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋…์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์ผํ•œ ์••์ถ•๋ฅ ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์••์ถ• ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ํ™”์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋…์„ฑ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Compound image๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ ์˜์ƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„ ์ถ”์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณต์žก๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ compound image์˜ ์˜์ƒ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์›€์ง์ž„ ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”ฝ์…€์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์˜์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋จผ์ € ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์ธ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์›€์ง์ž„ ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํƒ์ƒ‰์˜์—ญ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒ์ƒ‰ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณต์žก๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ดˆ ๋ก i ์ฐจ ๋ก€ iii ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ vi ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ix ์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ 4 1.3 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 6 ์ œ2์žฅ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์กด์••์ถ•๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 7 2.1 ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ • 7 2.2 ํ‘œ์ค€ ์˜์ƒ ์••์ถ• ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 14 2.3 H.264 inter prediction 16 2.4 Compound image ์˜ ์••์ถ• ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 19 ์ œ3์žฅ Sub-pixel gradient ๋ธ”๋ก ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 23 3.1 Background & Text color extraction 28 3.2 Text De-colorization 32 3.3 ๋ธ”๋ก ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 38 ์ œ4์žฅ Sub-pixel Gradient text ๋ธ”๋ก ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 46 4.1 Gradient fitting process 51 4.2 Text Coding 56 4.2.1 Gradient๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 56 4.2.2 Gradient๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 57 4.2.3 local min/max ๊ฐ’ ์˜ˆ์ธก 57 4.2.4 Whole-pixel ์ฝ”๋”ฉ 59 4.2.5 ํ™”์งˆ enhancement 60 4.3 ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๋™์ž‘ 64 4.3.1 ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ์ž…๋ ฅ 65 4.3.2 Whole-pixel ์ฝ”๋”ฉ 1 66 4.3.3 ์—ญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ Sub-pixel gradient ์ฝ”๋”ฉ 1 67 4.3.4 Local minimum ์ฝ”๋”ฉ 1 69 4.3.5 ์ˆœ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ gradient ์ฝ”๋”ฉ 1 70 4.3.6 Local maximum ์ฝ”๋”ฉ 1 71 4.3.7 ์—ญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ gradient ์ฝ”๋”ฉ 2 72 4.3.8 Local minimum ์ฝ”๋”ฉ 2 73 4.3.9 ์ˆœ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ gradient ์ฝ”๋”ฉ 2 74 4.3.10 Whole-pixel ์ฝ”๋”ฉ 2 75 4.4 ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ธ”๋ก ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 77 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์›€์ง์ž„ ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 88 5.1 Block Grouping 94 5.2 Group Matching 97 5.3 Group motion vector calculation 101 5.4 ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์›€์ง์ž„ ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 104 ์ œ6์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  109 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 112 Abstract 119Docto

    Optimum Implementation of Compound Compression of a Computer Screen for Real-Time Transmission in Low Network Bandwidth Environments

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    Remote working is becoming increasingly more prevalent in recent times. A large part of remote working involves sharing computer screens between servers and clients. The image content that is presented when sharing computer screens consists of both natural camera captured image data as well as computer generated graphics and text. The attributes of natural camera captured image data differ greatly to the attributes of computer generated image data. An image containing a mixture of both natural camera captured image and computer generated image data is known as a compound image. The research presented in this thesis focuses on the challenge of constructing a compound compression strategy to apply the โ€˜best fitโ€™ compression algorithm for the mixed content found in a compound image. The research also involves analysis and classification of the types of data a given compound image may contain. While researching optimal types of compression, consideration is given to the computational overhead of a given algorithm because the research is being developed for real time systems such as cloud computing services, where latency has a detrimental impact on end user experience. The previous and current state of the art videos codecโ€™s have been researched along many of the most current publishingโ€™s from academia, to design and implement a novel approach to a low complexity compound compression algorithm that will be suitable for real time transmission. The compound compression algorithm will utilise a mixture of lossless and lossy compression algorithms with parameters that can be used to control the performance of the algorithm. An objective image quality assessment is needed to determine whether the proposed algorithm can produce an acceptable quality image after processing. Both traditional metrics such as Peak Signal to Noise Ratio will be used along with a new more modern approach specifically designed for compound images which is known as Structural Similarity Index will be used to define the quality of the decompressed Image. In finishing, the compression strategy will be tested on a set of generated compound images. Using open source software, the same images will be compressed with the previous and current state of the art video codecโ€™s to compare the three main metrics, compression ratio, computational complexity and objective image quality
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