Voting: What Has Changed, What Hasn't, & Why: Research Bibliography

Since the origins of the Caltech/MIT Voting Technology Project in the fall of 2000, there has been an explosion of research and analysis on election administration and voting technology. As we worked throughout 2012 on our most recent study, Voting: What Has Changed, What Hasn’t, & What Needs Improvement, we found many more research studies. In this research bibliography, we present the research literature that we have found; future revisions of this research bibliography will update this list.Carnegie Corporation of New Yor

Usable Security Evaluation of EasyVote in the Context of Complex Elections

Elections differ not only between, but also within, countries. Some elections have very simple voting rules and ballots. For instance, in the parliamentary elections in Estonia or Germany, voters can select 1-out-of-n candidates. Other elections, like parliamentary elections in Luxembourg and Belgium or local elections in Germany, have very complex voting rules and huge ballots. These elections combine different voting rules, namely select k-out-of-n, weight and rank candidates, and therefore pose a challenge to both voters and electoral officials. Hence, in such elections voters are likely to spoil their vote unintentionally, due to the complex voting rules. In addition, the tallying process is very time intensive and likely to be error prone, because of the combination of complex voting rules and huge ballots. In order to address such challenges and improve the situation for both voters and electoral officials, in particular with respect to the local elections in Hesse/Germany, the EasyVote electronic voting scheme was proposed. EasyVote focuses on polling station elections and its central idea is to use an electronic voting device that does not store votes, but rather prints out a summary of voter's selections on a DIN-A4 paper ballot (a paper audit trail). The ballot consists of a human- and a machine readable (a QR-Code) component. Further, electoral officials tally the ballots semi-automatically by scanning the QR-Code of each ballot and verifying that its content matches the human-readable component. However, before EasyVote can be used in legally binding elections, various open research questions need to be addressed. The goal of this dissertation is to pave the way for the use of EasyVote in legally binding elections. To achieve this goal, this dissertation addresses five open research questions, which are introduced below. While the second and fifth question are EasyVote specific, the remaining ones are relevant to all electronic voting schemes/systems that share similar concepts with EasyVote. 1. Are voters concerned about vote secrecy related to the use of QR-Codes and, if so, how to address such concerns effectively? 2. What is an optimal ballot design that enables voters to understand the impact of their selections and to verify their voting intention easily? 3. What are optimal verification instructions that make voters most likely to verify that their ballot matches their intention? 4. What is an optimal verification setting that makes electoral officials most likely to detect potential discrepancies between the human- and machine-readable ballot components? 5. Are the vote casting and tallying processes usable and, if not, how to improve their usability? The findings indicate that voters do have secrecy concerns in association with the use of QR-Codes. However, the findings suggest that the threat appraisal approach of the protection motivation theory, is a viable approach to address and significantly allay such concerns. Furthermore, the findings reveal that the ballot design, which highlights the voter's direct selections in orange, represents an optimal design for voters to understand the impact of their selections and to verify their intention easily. In addition, the findings show that just in time verification instructions, which are pre-printed on the reverse of the ballot, have a significant effect on voters with respect to verifying their ballot and detecting discrepancies. The findings also indicate a significant increase with respect to detecting discrepancies when electoral officials read voters' direct selections out loud, while verifying that the human-readable ballot component matches the associated QR-Code. Moreover, the findings suggest that the implemented EasyVote prototype has a high perceived usability. In summary, these findings reveal that EasyVote is likely to be recommended and that a malicious or faulty behaviour of an electronic voting device, which might violate the integrity of the election result, would be detected with very high probability

Designing the vote : an exploration of electronic voting as a tool for political participation

PhD ThesisThis thesis describes my attempt to envisage electronic voting as a tool for political engagement by challenging the conventional understanding of the role of technology in democracy as only facilitating ‘politics’ referring to the means, structures and mechanisms that enable governing. This entails the reappropriation of voting as a tool that embeds methods for dissent to be democratically manifested, and the discovery of novel ways with which voting systems can be designed to encourage citizen involvement in political processes; from setting up polls and political canvassing to voting and political deliberation. I materialize this novel conceptualization of voting by introducing a design framework that enables us to rethink the capacities of systems to support various democratic contexts. We instantiate this framework for the design and development of novel voting prototypes that we later deploy in collaboration with local communities in Newcastle upon Tyne and Cambridge in order to gain an understanding of how their affordances and contextual parameters influence political participation. As a result, in this thesis we present a number of case studies incorporating new designs, empirical methods and findings that begin to explore this conceptualisation of voting as a tool for political engagement. More specifically, we explore: (i) the reappropriation of voting as not only supporting the doing of politics, but also the participation of the involved stakeholders in a political process; (ii) the capacities of voting systems that enable this profound citizen participation to be materialised in local contexts and the possible change that might result from this; and (iii) the contextual parameters affecting citizen engagement in voting such as the system’s ownership and the authority to drive political agendas. In doing so, we offer new insights into the potential of voting to support political engagement and participation