10,118 research outputs found

    Comparative Analyses of Textual Contents and Styles of Five Major Japanese Newspapers

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    A cross-cultural comparison of evaluation in classical concert reviews in British and Hong Kong newspapers

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    The present study investigates the rhetorical acts employed in classical concert reviews (CR) in British English and Hong Kong Chinese newspapers. It focuses on the uses of praise and criticism of different strength levels, targeting various aspects of the concert. It also explores the views of British and Hong Kong music critics on writing CRs, and factors which might affect their evaluation. This study adopted a mixed-method approach which consisted of textual analyses of CRs and semi-structural interviews with music critics. Drawing on a modified version of Hyland’s (2000) framework for evaluation in academic book reviews, 150 CRs selected from each language were examined in terms of dimensions and structural patterns of evaluation, and types of praise and criticism differentiated by their strengths. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 British critics and 12 Hong Kong critics, which revealed their evaluative styles and factors that might affect their evaluation. Textual analysis results indicated more similarities than differences cross-culturally. Both groups were predominantly evaluative and contained more praise than criticism; more CRs opened and closed positively; evaluation focused primarily on performance; praise was less mitigated than criticism; Booster was the most frequently applied strategy to emphasise praise and criticism; Hedge was the predominant evaluation strategy, though each group also had their own favoured individual strategies to mitigate praise and criticism. Cross-cultural differences were observed upon more detailed examination. Chinese reviews contained more rhetorical acts while English reviews praised more. More English reviews were framed with praise. Only Chinese reviews commented on Concert Management. Interview results showed that British and Hong Kong critics shared more common than different views on evaluation. Cross-cultural differences were nevertheless observed concerning their understanding of the role of the critic and consideration for the readers. In closing, a range of implications regarding the analysis and teaching of evaluation were presented

    a cross-cultural comparison of Elle and Marie Claire

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    “THE LACK OF TALENT IS A VIRTUE IN A WOMAN”: INTERDISCIPLINARY CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE

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    There has to date been relatively little research from an interdisciplinary perspective into the ideological dimensions of how women’s achievements are reported in the Chinese media. This study seeks to address this lack of inquiry through an interdisciplinary analysis of the coverage in the Mandarin-language China Sports Daily, Heilongjiang Daily, and the English-language version of Xinhuanet, of the London 2012 Summer Olympic Games. A critical comparison of the conventions through which the success of representative male and female Chinese Olympians is depicted in textual and visual form in these three selected online newspapers reveals ideologies motivating the discourse which undermine fair representation of female achievement. As an interdisciplinary research project, this study deploys Critical Discourse Analysis as practised by Norman Fairclough in exploring the textual representations of the Olympians and cluster criticism associated with Kenneth Burke in examining the visual. While neither critic situates his work in a primarily or overtly feminist context, both provide strategies which serve the purpose of feminist criticism. Fairclough’s consistent attention to the pervasive influence of ideologies on discursive practice helps reveal deeply entrenched assumptions about gender roles in the most basic journalistic practice. Moreover, while Burke did not formulate his theories in a feminist context, his “guerilla tactics” (Japp 113), that is, the way that his methods can subvert an audience’s expectations regarding the ideologies driving a text’s persuasive practice, are a model for feminist rhetorical critics to uncover covert motivation in discourse and is useful to feminist criticism. The analyses of the news depictions of the Olympians reveal that there is a systematic use of language and images to portray male athletes as embodying the Olympic ethos of surpassing boundaries, while simultaneously appealing to cultural values which dissociate females from that ethos, and containing the celebration of female virtue within the confines of traditional domestic roles. The perpetuation of the discriminatory gender ideology is best understood in connection with Antonio Gramsci’s consent form of “hegemony” (12), whereby the audience consents to the authority of the traditional discourse presented in the media because it appeals to familiar understandings of authority. Media and the audience play reciprocal roles in perpetuating traditional expectations of appropriate behaviour for both genders. The unequal portrayal of female athletes in the news discourse demonstrates the extent to which Confucian ideology motivates public discourse in China, and that this ideology is so pervasive that its influence can even be detected in overtly anti-Confucian discourses. The study concludes by identifying other areas of popular discourse where an understanding of the perpetuation of traditional ideologies poses obstacles to the advancement of women in Chinese society

    Media portrayals of ageing baby boomers in Japan and Finland

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    Population ageing is a major challenge in the 21st century, one which has a profound impact on societies, the economy and politics. Of the industrialised countries experiencing ageing of their populations, Japan and Finland are two of the most rapidly ageing societies. In both countries, the baby boomers – large birth cohorts born immediately following the end of the Second World War – have accelerated population ageing. This study investigates the ways in which the media portray the retirement and advancing age of the baby boomers. By exploring media representations of ageing baby boomers and doing a cross-national comparison, the study seeks to reveal how Japanese and Finnish societies view ageing and old age at both population and individual levels. The research materials have been collected from major national newspapers, and they consist of 1236 articles published between 2004 and 2014 for the Japanese data and between 2000 and 2015 for the Finnish data. Each country’s pension system and the retirement process of the baby boomers are grounds for a specific analytic period divided into several phases. The research questions posed in the study are as follows: (1) How do Japanese and Finnish national newspapers portray the baby boomers during the period of their retirement and beginning of old age? (2) How are newspaper portrayals of ageing baby boomers different or similar in Japan and Finland? (3) In what ways is gender involved when Japanese and Finnish newspapers articulate the retirement and ageing of the baby boomers? Analyses with two steps are essential for exploring a large amount of empirical material consisting of texts in two different languages: first, the manifest content analysis method is used to systematise the content, and second, the data is qualitatively explored using a thematic analysis approach. The manifest content analysis first identifies dominant topics in the individual articles and classifies them into broader categories. To understand relationships between the categorised topics and other features of newspaper reporting, gender representation of the baby boomers and boomers’ position in the texts are examined. The thematic analysis qualitatively explores latent and underlying meanings involved in manifest content. It investigates how Japanese and Finnish newspapers articulate the retirement and ageing of the baby boomers, and thereby, how social perceptions of the ageing baby boomers are created. The study results show that while the Japanese and Finnish newspaper discussions focused on several shared topics, other specific topics characterised media discussions in the respective countries. The shared topics included ‘work, retirement and pension’, ‘ageing, health and care’, and ‘baby boomers as a generation’. The topics unique to the Japanese data were ‘consumption and marketing’ and ‘activities, associations and relationships’, whereas ‘current events in economic and political affairs’ was a topic that exclusively appeared in the Finnish data. Both Japanese and Finnish newspapers portrayed the baby boomers in a varied manner. At times, the baby boomers were depicted as posing critical challenges to the ageing societies due to their mass retirement, ultimately resulting in labour shortages or a prospective increase in old-age care. At other time, social expectations regarding the boomers were obvious in textual articulations that encouraged them to postpone their retirement age, continue working into the post-retirement period or participate in volunteer and community activities. The wide-ranging and sometimes contrasting portrayals of the Japanese and Finnish baby boomers serve as an example of the two-faced cultural representations of old age. Japanese and Finnish media discussions viewed ageing at the overall population level in similar ways, as a challenge, as a concern and even as a crisis, though an alarming overtone was relatively more pronounced in the Finnish context. Differences between the two countries stood out when newspaper debates focused on individual ageing experiences, such as depicting attitudes and behaviours of the ageing boomers. While the Japanese media constantly praised energetic boomers for engaging in diverse activities and regarded them as a social resource, the Finnish media rather viewed the boomers as obsolete, with negative connotations. The cross-national comparison also uncovered that in the Finnish media, societal perceptions regarding ageing and old age at the level of individuals sometimes fused with gloomy discussions at the overall population level, whereas those two levels of debate mainly operated independently in the Japanese media. Studying the intersection between gender and ageing in newspaper portrayals of the baby boomers highlighted a distinction between Japan and Finland. In Japanese newspaper articles, the underrepresentation of women compared to their male peers was statistically significant when gender representation was examined in a quantitative manner. However, qualitative analysis uncovered the media’s observations on the disadvantageous position of male baby boomers and the emerging advantage of women in later life. Such articulations demonstrated a difference from the traditional understanding of the ‘double standard of ageing’, referring to discrimination against older women both because of their gender and their age. Gender-conscious portrayals of ageing baby boomers in the Japanese media added a new aspect to generational debates that had previously been viewed as either masculine or non-gendered. Contrastingly, gender did not have any special relevance when articulating views on the retirement and ageing of the baby boomers in Finnish newspaper articles. The Finnish baby boomers were predominantly represented as non-gendered, and the study did not reveal gender differences in public portrayals of the baby boomers. Key words: baby boomers, Japan, Finland, work, retirement, ageing, gender, old age, media portrayals, social perceptionsVäestön ikääntyminen on merkittävä haaste, jolla on suuri vaikutus yhteiskuntaan, talouteen ja politiikkaan. Japani ja Suomi ovat nopeimmin ikääntyviä yhteiskuntia. Molemmissa maissa toisen maailmansodan jälkeen syntyneet suuret ikäluokat ovat kasvattaneet eläkeiässä olevien määrää. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan, millä tavoin media kuvaa suurten ikäluokkien eläkkeelle siirtymistä ja vanhenemista. Tavoitteena on selvittää, miten Japanissa ja Suomessa suhtaudutaan ikääntymiseen ja vanhuuteen sekä väestö- että yksilötasolla tutkimalla ikääntyvien suurten ikäluokkien mediakuvausta näissä kahdessa maassa. Tutkimusaineisto on hankittu laajalevikkisistä valtakunnallisista sanomalehdistä, ja se koostuu 1236 artikkeleista, jotka julkaistiin vuosien 2004 ja 2014 välisenä aikana Japanissa ja vuosien 2000 ja 2015 välisenä aikana Suomessa. Analysoitava ajanjakso jaettiin vaiheisiin maiden eläkejärjestelmän ja suurten ikäluokkien eläköitymisen perusteella. Tutkimuksessa vastataan kysymyksiin siitä, (1) miten valtakunnalliset sanomalehdet Japanissa ja Suomessa kuvaavat suuria ikäluokkia heidän jäädessään eläkkeelle ja siirtyessään vanhuuteen, (2) miten sanomalehtikuvaukset ikääntyvistä suurista ikäluokista ovat erilaisia tai samanlaisia Japanin ja Suomen välillä, ja (3) millä tavoin sukupuolta käsitellään kun Japanin ja Suomen sanomalehdet kuvaavat suurten ikäluokkien eläkkeelle siirtymistä ja vanhenemista. Suuri kaksikielinen tekstiaineisto analysoitiin kahdessa vaiheessa: aineisto järjestettiin ensin sisällön mukaan manifestisella sisällönanalyysilla ja tämän jälkeen se analysoitiin laadullisesti käyttämällä temaattista analyysia. Manifestisella sisällönanalyysilla tunnistettiin kustakin artikkelista hallitsevat aiheet ja tämän jälkeen artikkelit kategorisoitiin. Lisäksi selvitettiin luokiteltujen aiheiden yhteyttä sukupuolten kuvaustapoihin ja siihen, miten suuret ikäluokat asemoitiin artikkeleissa. Temaattisella analyysilla tarkasteltiin löydettyihin aiheisiin kätkeytyviä ja niiden taustalla olevia merkityksiä. Näin selvitettiin, miten Japanin ja Suomen sanomalehdet artikuloivat suurten ikäluokkien eläkkeelle siirtymistä ja vanhenemista, millä on vaikutusta siihen kuinka yhteiskunnallinen ymmärrys ikääntyviä suuria ikäluokkia kohtaan syntyy. Tutkimuksessa ilmeni, että osa sanomalehtikeskustelujen aiheista oli Japanille ja Suomelle yhteisiä ja osa jommallekummalle maalle erityisiä. Yhteisiksi aiheiksi nimettiin ‘työ, eläköityminen ja eläke’, ‘ikääntyminen, terveys ja hoiva’, ja ‘suuret ikäluokat sukupolvena’. Japanilaiselle aineistolle ominaiset aiheet olivat ‘kulutus ja markkinointi’ ja ‘toiminnat, osallistumiset ja suhteet’, kun taas ‘talouden ja politiikan asioiden ajankohtaiset tapahtumat’ oli aihe, joka esiintyi erityisesti suomalaisessa aineistossa. Sekä japanilaiset että suomalaiset sanomalehdet kuvasivat suuria ikäluokkia monipuolisella tavalla. Yhtäältä, suurten ikäluokkien ikääntymisen tunnistettiin muodostavan yhteiskunnallisia haasteita esimerkiksi työvoimapulan ja vanhusten hoivan tarpeen lisääntyessä. Toisaalta, tekstien artikulaatio osoitti selvästi suuriin ikäluokkiin kohdistuvien yhteiskunnallisten odotusten olemassaolon: suuria ikäluokkia kannustettiin lykkäämään eläkkeelle siirtymistä, jatkamaan työntekoa eläköitymisen jälkeen tai osallistumaan vapaaehtoisiin ja yhteisöllisiin toimintoihin. Japanilaisia ja suomalaisia suuria ikäluokkia kuvailevat laaja-alaiset ja ajoittain vastakohtaiset ilmaisut tarjoavat esimerkin siitä, että vanhuuden kulttuurisella kuvauksella on kaksi eri puolta. Japanilainen ja suomalainen media suhtautuivat ikääntymiseen väestötasolla samankaltaisesti: sitä pidettiin haasteena, huolenaiheena ja jopa uhkana, korostuneemmin suomalaisessa keskustelussa. Eroja oli enemmän artikkeleiden kohdistuessa yksilötason vanhenemisen kokemuksiin, suurten ikäluokkien asenteisiin ja käyttäytymiseen. Japanilainen media kehui jatkuvasti suuriin ikäluokkiin kuuluvia siitä, kuinka aktiivisesti he osallistuvat erilaisiin toimintoihin. Heitä pidettiin yhteiskunnan voimavarana, kun taas suomalainen media suhtautui heihin negatiivisemmin. Maiden välinen vertailu paljasti myös sen, että suomalaisessa mediassa yhteiskunnalliset käsitykset yksilötason ikääntymisestä ja vanhuudesta sulautuivat toisinaan väestön vanhenemista koskevaan pessimistiseen diskurssiin. Japanilaisessa mediassa nämä kahden tason keskustelut olivat erillisempiä. Japanin ja Suomen välinen erilaisuus korostui selvitettäessä sukupuolen ja ikääntymisen yhteyttä suurten ikäluokkien sanomalehtikuvauksissa. Japanilaisissa sanomalehtiartikkeleissa naiset olivat miehiin verrattuna tilastollisesti merkitsevästi aliedustettuja, kun sukupuolten kuvaustapoja analysoitiin määrällisesti. Laadullinen analyysi kuitenkin paljasti median mielipiteen, että ikääntyminen vie suurten ikäluokkien miehet epäsuotuisaan asemaan, kun taas naisille siitä tulee kasvavaa etua. Tällaiset artikulaatiot eroavat perinteisestä ‘vanhenemisen kaksoisstandardista’, jolla tarkoitetaan ikääntyneiden naisten syrjintää ikänsä ja sukupuolensa vuoksi. Suurten ikäluokkien sukupuolitietoiset kuvaukset japanilaisessa mediassa toivat uutta näkökulmaa sukupolvikeskusteluihin, joita on ennen pidetty joko maskuliinisina tai sukupuolettomina. Päinvastoin kuin japanilaisessa mediassa, sukupuolella ei ollut juuri merkitystä, kun suomalaiset sanomalehtiartikkelit artikuloivat kantaansa suurten ikäluokkien eläkkeelle siirtymisestä ja vanhenemisesta. Suomalaiset suuret ikäluokat esitettiin lähes sukupuolettomina ja ainakaan tässä tutkimuksessa ei voitu tunnistaa sukupuolten välistä eroa suurten ikäluokkien julkisissa kuvauksissa. Avainsanat: suuret ikäluokat, Japani, Suomi, työ, eläköityminen, ikääntyminen, sukupuoli, vanhuus, median kuvaukset, yhteiskunnalliset käsitykse

    Media construction of Korean transnational sporting masculinities

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    This study examined discursively produced transnational masculinities through mediated Korean-born sport celebrities playing in the major league baseball. Considering that studies of men and masculinity are more likely to offer richer, more in-depth analyses when they recognize the intersections of class, race, gender, sexuality, and nationality, this research explored diverse and plural conflations of contemporary masculinities in transnational contexts. In the process, I took into account a variety of theoretical approaches including post-colonial feminist theory, queer theory, critical race theory, new manism theory, and hegemonic theory in order to find a more appropriate theoretical framework for the analysis of transnational subjectivities. Linking theoretical frames with feminist critical discourse analysis and Fairclough's three dimensions of critical discourse analysis, I investigated multiple media sport texts including online newspapers and reader comments in US and South Korean contexts. Based on a total number of 108 media texts in online newspapers, six distinguishing thematic discourses were analyzed: athletic masculinities, heterosexual patriarchal masculinities, militarized masculinities, trans/nationalist masculinities, Korean Confucian masculinities, and color solidarity. Through analyzing a total number of 83 media texts in reader comments, also, four dominant discourse categories were identified: othering masculinities, regulating bodies, commodified transnational masculinities, and multifaceted androcentric nationalism. The results illustrate that diversely conflated transnational relationships and the intersectional factors including race, class, gender, sexuality, and nationality have an influence on shaping the hybridity of Korean sporting masculinities. Resisting a dominant dichotomous perception that the western males and masculinities are standardized as a norm but Asian/Korean males and masculinities are merely effeminate, the results of this study effectively illuminate newly racialized transnational subjects and the masculinities under the power of new imperialism

    Bowdoin College Course Guide (2015-2016)

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    https://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/course-catalogues/1297/thumbnail.jp

    The language of Keitai-mail: the sociolinguistics of Japanese mobile e-mail

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