6,020 research outputs found
A Probabilistic Data Model and Its Semantics
As database systems are increasingly being used in advanced applications, it is becoming common that data in these applications contain some elements of uncertainty. These arise from many factors, such as measurement errors and cognitive errors. As such, many researchers have focused on defining comprehensive uncertainty data models of uncertainty database systems. However, existing uncertainty data models do not adequately support some applications. Moreover, very few works address uncertainty tuple calculus. In this paper we advocate a probabilistic data model for representing uncertain information. In particular, we establish a probabilistic tuple calculus language and its semantics to meet the corresponding probabilistic relational algebra
Logic and logogrif in German idealism : an investigation into the notion of experience in Kant, Fichte, Schelling
In this thesis I investigate the notion of experience in German Idealist Philosophy. I focus on
the exploration of an alternative to the transcendental model notion of experience through
Schelling's insight into the notion of logogrif.
The structural division of this project into two sections reflects the two theoretical
standpoints of this project, namely the logic and the logogrif of experience.
The first section - the logic of experience - explores the notion of experience provided in
Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Judgement and Fichte's Science of Knowledge. I
argue that Kant's fundamental question about the possibility of synthetic a priori judgements
succeeds in thematising the aporia of cognitive experience but results in a subject-oriented,
representational model which radically confines the notion of experience to the constitutive
laws of the understanding or to the normative precepts of Reason. Experience is founded
upon a sharp division between faith and knowledge, will and logic, desire and reflection,
absolute and finitude. Fichte's endeavour to articulate a non-representational account of
experience, does not succeed in extricating itself from the representational model, so long as
experience is reduced to the ever-producing deeds of the self-positing ego.
Despite the serious differences between Kant's and Fichte's notions of experience, both
accounts, so long as they unfold from a transcendental standpoint, attempt to resolve
experience into conceptual laws or determinations of the ego's absolute will. Experience is
transformed into an object of the subject's cognitive or volitional faculties. The paradoxes of
man's interaction with the world are intended to be accommodated either by the law-giving
spontaneity of the understanding and the Architectonic of Pure Reason or by the overpowerful
primordial act of the self-positing ego. This implies the conceptualisation of the self
in terms of constant identity-through-time, or sheer self-determination. However, this
conceptualisation remains at the normative or prescriptive level, which in turn is projected
upon the world. The latter, though appears as the subject's property, essentially remains alien
and opaque, confirming the radical limitations of the ego rather than its order-giving
authority. Moreover, this notion of experience is ultimately founded upon a radical expulsion
of the divine from the world, the de-spiritualisation of the sensual and the de-sensualisation
of the spiritual, the sharp juxtaposition between absolute and finitude. This results in a self-defeating
subjectivity, whose firm identity and rule-giving authority does not rescue it from
its perennial unattainability to 'organise the conditioned' or 'conquer the unconditioned'.
In Kant's and Fichte's thought, however, I detect elements that potentially transgress their
transcendental account of experience. These are found in Kant's concept of spontaneity and
free play between understanding and imagination, and Fichte's concept of productivity. I
argue that these elements lose their potential dynamism, so long as they are absorbed by the
transcendental demands for the solution of the aporias of logic. However, these elements
point to the need for a radical re-conceptualisation of the notion of experience. This is
provided by means of Schelling's logogriflic approach, which constitutes the theme of the
second section.
The second section - the logogrif of experience - attempts to articulate a different approach
towards the notion of experience, through an exploration of Schelling's versatile and
provocative thought. This section focuses on Schelling's original insight into the notion and
act of logogrif, which opens the dialogue between logos and mythos, cosmic becoming and
human soul, cosmic imagination and human reflection, faith and knowledge. This section
attempts to illuminate Schelling's fascinating philosophical investigations and discoveries
that have been rather overlooked, possibly, due to Hegel's overwhelming critique. This
section, after a brief critical examination of the Identity Philosophy, attempts to elucidate
Schelling's notion of experience through his middle works, Of Human Freedom, Ages of the
World, The Deities of Samothrace, which are treated as a self-developing trilogy.
Schelling re-addresses the aporias of logic not as part of Reason's self-interrogation but as
part of the cosmic paradoxes and living experiences. In this way, Schelling resets the scene of
the debate on the conditions of possibility for cognitive experience by putting on the stage the
enigmas of the cosmos and life rather than the Tribunal of Reason.
Logic itself is conceived as a potency in the cosmic becoming, and consequently can no
longer attempt to establish the transcendental conditions for the possibility of cognitive
experience.
Cosmic becoming, in which man is an active part, is conceived as the process of the
movement, the interaction, the transformations and transmutations of multiple potencies.
These, far beyond any mechanical conceptualisation, appear as self-moving and yet
interdependent, unknown yet familiar, inscrutable and yet manifest powers, describing the
mystery of life itself. The latter is depicted as an ever-recurrent act of longing for self-expression
as active unity. Experience is conceived as the lived process of a network of living
potencies, which may not only resist rational powers but may also puzzle and seize them. In
this context, reflection acquires a plastic dimension, as opposed to its rigidity in the
representational model of experience. Reflection depicts cosmic longing's self-formation,
whose man is part. This self-bending formation partially illuminates the nature of longing,
and from this standpoint is the logic of the longing. However, this formation is movable,
transmutable and mostly ineffable, and from this standpoint is the logic of a riddle: a
logogrif.
Logogrif is the transitive term that attempts to describe the transition of experience from its
enacted phase to its allusive conceptual utterance, and in this sense the term itself participates
in both phases, as both form of thought and form of life. The logogrific approach to
experience in turn transposes us as from the realm of pure concepts to the realm of the
mystery of life, from pure thought to acts of longing, from the Architectonic of Pure Reason
to Cosmic Theurgy. The latter term attempts to grasp the paradox and dynamism of cosmic
and non-cosmic becoming by means of multiple, vanishing and ever-recurring, transmutable
potencies, or in Schelling's terms 'the magic of insoluble life'. Schelling's logogrific account
consists in a powerful voice for the re-enchantment of the world, the introduction into the
notion of experience of the imminence of the divine. This is not suggested in terms of the
adoption of old religious doctrines but by means of the discovery and re-discovery of the
theurgy of life, through the intensification of our artistic mood, the creative expansion of our
deeds.
This notion of experience allows for the reconsideration of the notion of the self, in terms of
a dynamic, conflictual process between conscious and unconscious powers and the critical
revaluation of the accounts of subjectivity which reduce it to the sphere of self-consciousness.
The thesis concludes with the need for an investigation into the relation between logos and
mythos, which only tangentially has been introduced by the present project. In this context it
will be possible to re-appraise the potential that the logogrific approach opens for an
alternative to both logical and traditional mythological patterns of thinking
Reasoning reasonably in mathematics
Two tasks designed to encourage mathematical reasoning without any need for calculations
were presented to students with the aim of seeking evidence of different forms of attention
(Mason, 2003), and using these to learn about the tasks and about students’ power to reason ‘reasonably’
in mathematics. The first task that involves locating a secret place using an applet was
solved by two pairs of grade 4 Portuguese students. The second task, involving the structure of
magic squares, was proposed to two classes of Portuguese students, aged 12-13. The interactions between pairs of students and teacher probes were taped and transcribed, and, in the second one,
students’ written responses were collected as well. In both cases, the data were analysed using the
fivefold framework of microstructure of attention. The first case gives evidence that young students
can reason ‘reasonably’ but that there are delicate shifts which may require sensitivity on
the part of the teacher to help students progress. In the second case, the data analysis shows that
these students displayed the power to reason ‘reasonably’ in mathematics, and that difficulties can
be accounted for in terms of not only what was being attended to, but the form of that attention.Foram propostas duas tarefas a alunos portugueses do ensino básico para os encorajar a
raciocinar matematicamente sem o recurso a cálculos, com o objetivo de procurar evidências sobre
diferentes formas de atenção (Mason, 2003) e de usar essas evidências para refletir sobre as tarefas
e sobre a capacidade dos alunos raciocinarem “com razoabilidade” em matemática. A primeira tarefa,
centrada na localização de um lugar secreto usando uma applet, foi resolvida por dois pares
de alunos do 4.º ano de escolaridade. A segunda, envolvendo a estrutura de quadrados mágicos,
foi proposta a duas turmas do 7.º ano de escolaridade. Em qualquer dos casos, procedeu-se à gravação
e transcrição das interações entre alunos e professor e na segunda tarefa recolheram-se, ainda,
as resoluções escritas dos alunos. Os dados obtidos foram analisados usando um modelo composto
por cinco formas ou microestruturas de atenção. No caso da primeira tarefa, evidencia-se
que as crianças são capazes de raciocinar “com razoabilidade” mas que o seu progresso depende de
mudanças subtis que requerem sensibilidade por parte do professor. A análise de dados relativos à
segunda tarefa, revela, igualmente, que os alunos mostram poder para raciocinar “com razoabilidade”.
Revela, ainda, que as suas dificuldades podem ser explicadas não só em termos daquilo que
é o objeto da atenção mas também da forma desta atenção
Machine learning and its applications in reliability analysis systems
In this thesis, we are interested in exploring some aspects of Machine Learning (ML) and its application in the Reliability Analysis systems (RAs). We begin by investigating some ML paradigms and their- techniques, go on to discuss the possible applications of ML in improving RAs performance, and lastly give guidelines of the architecture of learning RAs. Our survey of ML covers both levels of Neural Network learning and Symbolic learning. In symbolic process learning, five types of learning and their applications are discussed: rote learning, learning from instruction, learning from analogy, learning from examples, and learning from observation and discovery. The Reliability Analysis systems (RAs) presented in this thesis are mainly designed for maintaining plant safety supported by two functions: risk analysis function, i.e., failure mode effect analysis (FMEA) ; and diagnosis function, i.e., real-time fault location (RTFL). Three approaches have been discussed in creating the RAs. According to the result of our survey, we suggest currently the best design of RAs is to embed model-based RAs, i.e., MORA (as software) in a neural network based computer system (as hardware). However, there are still some improvement which can be made through the applications of Machine Learning. By implanting the 'learning element', the MORA will become learning MORA (La MORA) system, a learning Reliability Analysis system with the power of automatic knowledge acquisition and inconsistency checking, and more. To conclude our thesis, we propose an architecture of La MORA
Regula Socratis: The Rediscovery of Ancient Induction in Early Modern England
A revisionist account of how philosophical induction was conceived in the ancient world and how that conception was transmitted, altered, and then rediscovered. I show how philosophers of late antiquity and then the medieval period came step-by-step to seriously misunderstand Aristotle’s view of induction and how that mistake was reversed by humanists in the Renaissance and then especially by Francis Bacon. I show, naturally enough then, that in early modern science, Baconians were Aristotelians and Aristotelians were Baconians
THE STUDY OF JURISPRUDENCE-A LETTER TO A HOSTILE STUDENT
The value to the law student of a course in jurisprudence has long been a question mark-and to the teachers as well as the students. The students have not been prompted by self-interest, as the teachers have, to come up with plausible erasures of the question mark. Most students, as you did, find the course esoteric, murky and impractical. The teachers, however, many of whom are mercifully unaware of the student reaction, have found sufficient justification for the course on various grounds which I think I can briefly summarize
Amalgamating Knowledge Bases, III - Algorithms, Data Structures, and Query Processing
Integrating knowledge from multiple sources is an important
aspect of automated reasoning systems. In the first part of this series
of papers, we presented a uniform declarative framework, based on
annotated logics, for amalgamating multiple knowledge bases when
these knowledge bases (possibly) contain inconsistencies, uncertainties,
and non-monotonic modes of negation. We showed that annotated logics may
be used, with some modifications, to mediate between different
knowledge bases. The multiple knowledge bases are amalgamated
by embedding the individual knowledge bases into a lattice.
In this paper, we briefly describe an SLD-resolution based proof
procedure that is sound and complete w.r.t. our declarative semantics.
We will then develop an OLDT -resolution
based query processing procedure, MULTI-OLDT , that satisfies
two important properties: (1) efficient reuse of previous
computations is achieved by maintaining a table -- we describe the
structure of this table and show that table operations can be efficiently
executed, and (2) approximate, interruptable query
answering is achieved, i.e. it is possible to obtain an
``intermediate, approximate'' answer from the query processing procedure
by interrupting it at any point in time during its execution. The design
of the MULTI-OLDT procedure will include the development of
run-time algorithms to incrementally and efficiently update the table.
(Also cross-referenced as UMIACS-TR-94-35
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