42 research outputs found
Automatic Autism Spectrum Disorder Detection Using Artificial Intelligence Methods with MRI Neuroimaging: A Review
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a brain condition characterized by diverse
signs and symptoms that appear in early childhood. ASD is also associated with
communication deficits and repetitive behavior in affected individuals. Various
ASD detection methods have been developed, including neuroimaging modalities
and psychological tests. Among these methods, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
imaging modalities are of paramount importance to physicians. Clinicians rely
on MRI modalities to diagnose ASD accurately. The MRI modalities are
non-invasive methods that include functional (fMRI) and structural (sMRI)
neuroimaging methods. However, the process of diagnosing ASD with fMRI and sMRI
for specialists is often laborious and time-consuming; therefore, several
computer-aided design systems (CADS) based on artificial intelligence (AI) have
been developed to assist the specialist physicians. Conventional machine
learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) are the most popular schemes of AI used
for diagnosing ASD. This study aims to review the automated detection of ASD
using AI. We review several CADS that have been developed using ML techniques
for the automated diagnosis of ASD using MRI modalities. There has been very
limited work on the use of DL techniques to develop automated diagnostic models
for ASD. A summary of the studies developed using DL is provided in the
appendix. Then, the challenges encountered during the automated diagnosis of
ASD using MRI and AI techniques are described in detail. Additionally, a
graphical comparison of studies using ML and DL to diagnose ASD automatically
is discussed. We conclude by suggesting future approaches to detecting ASDs
using AI techniques and MRI neuroimaging
Contributions to the study of Austism Spectrum Brain conectivity
164 p.Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a largely prevalent neurodevelopmental condition with a big social and economical impact affecting the entire life of families. There is an intense search for biomarkers that can be assessed as early as possible in order to initiate treatment and preparation of the family to deal with the challenges imposed by the condition. Brain imaging biomarkers have special interest. Specifically, functional connectivity data extracted from resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) should allow to detect brain connectivity alterations. Machine learning pipelines encompass the estimation of the functional connectivity matrix from brain parcellations, feature extraction and building classification models for ASD prediction. The works reported in the literature are very heterogeneous from the computational and methodological point of view. In this Thesis we carry out a comprehensive computational exploration of the impact of the choices involved while building these machine learning pipelines
Early Autism Diagnosis based on Path Signature and Siamese Unsupervised Feature Compressor
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has been emerging as a growing public health
threat. Early diagnosis of ASD is crucial for timely, effective intervention
and treatment. However, conventional diagnosis methods based on communications
and behavioral patterns are unreliable for children younger than 2 years of
age. Given evidences of neurodevelopmental abnormalities in ASD infants, we
resort to a novel deep learning-based method to extract key features from the
inherently scarce, class-imbalanced, and heterogeneous structural MR images for
early autism diagnosis. Specifically, we propose a Siamese verification
framework to extend the scarce data, and an unsupervised compressor to
alleviate data imbalance by extracting key features. We also proposed weight
constraints to cope with sample heterogeneity by giving different samples
different voting weights during validation, and we used Path Signature to
unravel meaningful developmental features from the two-time point data
longitudinally. Extensive experiments have shown that our method performed well
under practical scenarios, transcending existing machine learning methods
Detection of Autism using Magnetic Resonance Imaging data and Graph Convolutional Neural Networks
Autism or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a development disability which generally begins during childhood and may last throughout the lifetime of an individual. It is generally associated with difficulty in communication and social interaction along with repetitive behavior. One out of every 59 children in the United States is diagnosed with ASD [11] and almost 1% of the world population has ASD [12]. ASD can be difficult to diagnose as there is no definite medical test to diagnose this disorder. The aim of this thesis is to extract features from resting state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rsfMRI) data as well as some personal information provided about each subject to train variations of a Graph Convolutional Neural Network to detect if a subject is Autistic or Neurotypical. The time series information as well as the connectivity information of specific parts of the brain are the features used for analysis. The thesis converts fMRI data into a graphical representation where the vertex represents a part of the brain and the edge represents the connectivity between two parts of the brain. New adjacency matrix filters were added to the Graph CNN model and the model was altered to add a time dimension
Machine learning with neuroimaging data to identify autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Purpose: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is diagnosed through observation or interview assessments, which is time-consuming, subjective, and with questionable validity and reliability. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the role of machine learning (ML) with neuroimaging data to provide a reliable classification of ASD. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Embase was conducted to identify relevant publications. Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) was used to assess the studies’ quality. A bivariate random-effects model meta-analysis was employed to evaluate the pooled sensitivity, the pooled specificity, and the diagnostic performance through the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) curve of ML with neuroimaging data in classifying ASD. Meta-regression was also performed. Results: Forty-four studies (5697 ASD and 6013 typically developing individuals [TD] in total) were included in the quantitative analysis. The pooled sensitivity for differentiating ASD from TD individuals was 86.25 95% confidence interval [CI] (81.24, 90.08), while the pooled specificity was 83.31 95% CI (78.12, 87.48) with a combined area under the HSROC (AUC) of 0.889. Higgins I2 (> 90%) and Cochran’s Q (p < 0.0001) suggest a high degree of heterogeneity. In the bivariate model meta-regression, a higher pooled specificity was observed in studies not using a brain atlas (90.91 95% CI [80.67, 96.00], p = 0.032). In addition, a greater pooled sensitivity was seen in studies recruiting both males and females (89.04 95% CI [83.84, 92.72], p = 0.021), and combining imaging modalities (94.12 95% [85.43, 97.76], p = 0.036). Conclusion: ML with neuroimaging data is an exciting prospect in detecting individuals with ASD but further studies are required to improve its reliability for usage in clinical practice