Dialect in Contemporary Literature (Regional Dialects)

Language is the identity of society. Literature that emerges through these languages also reflects society. In that sense every literature is set up with every language style. That is to say, the literature that appeared in the Sanam period was based on the proverbial language style of the time. After that the language of prose takes shape. Prose is a form of writing that simply conveys ideas as if speaking without grammatical conventions. It was followed by the pre-independence literature of the quest for freedom. A few lawsuits have been filed in the political arena since independence. Thus the language is constantly changing from time to time. The vast majority of literature produced today is centered on the regional Languge. This Article moves on to the cause of such social change and the consequences of change on society

HIJAB IN THE INDONESIAN NATIONAL STRUGGLE

Fashion and history cannot be separated, because fashion is one indicator of a change in culture, civilization, behavior, and certain identities. Vice versa, changes and developments in fashion are influenced by conditions at the time the fashion is developing, both the social, cultural, political, religious, economic and others. Fashion that is developing in Indonesia is Muslim fashion. One part of Muslim clothing is the hijab, headgear worn by Muslim women. Hijab is not only part of religious observance, hijab is already part of fashion and we can examine the hijab style of a society from its historical period. We can analyze the effects that occurred at that time.This writing will focus on how the hijab style during the struggle for independence, especially the Indonesian female heroes. How their hijab style is greatly influenced by the situation, conditions and even their role in the struggle for Indonesian independence. Hijab style at that time, of course, there are differences with the hijab worn at the present time. Even at that time every Indonesian heroine had a unique hijab style in accordance with their respective character and culture. This is very interesting to be appointed as a study, where the hijab is also part of their identity as Muslim warriors who are not afraid of invading the invaders, and also their role in fighting for the dignity of women at that time

Investigating changes in students' writing feedback preferences

Ankara : The Department of Teaching English as a Foreign Language of Bilkent University, 2007.Thesis (Master's) -- Bilkent University, 2007.Includes bibliographical references leaves 70-72This study was designed to investigate students’ and teachers’ writing preferences, and whether students change their writing feedback preferences over a given period of time, and if so, whether there is an effect of the teachers’ feedback style in their change. The study was conducted with 200 pre-intermediate students and 11 teachers at Istanbul Technical University School of Foreign Languages. The data were collected through the students’ and teachers’ questionnaires, students’ writing papers, and students’ interviews. The results indicated that many students changed their writing feedback preferences over time. This change was not due to their teachers’ feedback styles, but due to the students’ self-consciousness of their development in their second language writing skill. The study suggests that teachers should first pay attention to their students’ feedback preferences, negotiate with students about their feedback styles, and then they should arrange their feedback style accordingly. The study also suggests that teachers should consider using various feedback styles according to students’ needs and development levels.Sakallı, Rüştü BayramM.S

Recent advances in femtosecond laser writing inside transparent materials

Modification of transparent materials with ultrafast lasers has attracted considerable interest due to a wide range of applications including laser surgery, integrated optics, optical data storage, 3D microand nano-structuring [1].T Three different types of material modifications can be induced with ultrafast laser irradiation in the bulk of a transparent material, silica glass in particular: an isotropic refractive index change (type 1); a form birefringence associated with self-assembled nanogratings and negative refractive index change (type 2) [2,3]; and a void (type 3). In fused silica the transition from type 1 to type 2 and finally to type 3 modification is observed with an increase of fluence. Recently, a remarkable phenomenon in ultrafast laser processing of transparent materials has been reported manifesting itself as a change in material modification by reversing the writing direction [4]. The phenomenon has been interpreted in terms of anisotropic plasma heating by a tilted front of the ultrashort laser pulse. Moreover a change in structural modification has been demonstrated in glass by controlling the direction of pulse front tilt, achieving a calligraphic style of laser writing which is similar in appearance to that inked with the bygone quill pen [5]. It has also been a common belief that in a homogeneous medium, the photosensitivity and corresponding light-induced material modifications do not change on the reversal of light propagation direction. More recently it have observed that in a non-centrosymmetric medium, modification of the material can be different when light propagates in opposite directions (KaYaSo effect) [6]. Moreover a new phenomenon of ultrafast light blade, representing itself the first evidence of anisotropic sensitivity of isotropic medium to femtosecond laser radiation has been recently discovered [7]. We attribute these new phenomena to the anisotropy of the light-matter interaction caused by space-time couplings in ultrashort light pulses. We anticipate that the observed phenomena will open new opportunities in laser material processing, laser surgery, optical manipulation and data storage

Constructive Practice and Critical Theory: The Contribution of Action Research to Organisational Change and the Discourse on Organisations

"This article presents a new perspective on the question of how action research may contribute to improving the discourse on organisations. The three first sections deal mainly with some important features of action research, following from action research methods used in projects that comprise organisational change. On the basis of a distinction between practical discourse and theoretical discourse, the point is made that while descriptive research (like organisation theory) takes place mainly as a theoretical discourse, action research also enters the arenas of practical discourse. What kind of knowledge is required, and what kind of experience is made in practical discourses, is elaborated by one example of an action research from a Norwegian international corporation. It is argued that in order to cause practical change, the power of knowledge is dependent on the power of judgment. On this basis, the three last sections deal with this question how knowledge and experience from action research may contribute to the improvement of organisation theory. Initially, a short historical account on the development of organisation theory is presented. It is shown that the split of the discourse on organisations, into a theoretical and practical discourse, has had some unintended and unnoticed consequences as regards the style of writing in organisation theory. This style of writing has resulted in a discourse on organisation which is rich in very general perspectives and concepts, but which nevertheless remains too poor in content. Thus, the conclusion is that for the time being, one of the most important contributions from action research to the discourse on organisations will be to make organisation theory become subject to criticism that may provoke changes in the style of writing organisation theory." (author's abstract

The benefits of expressive writing on overgeneral memory and depressive symptoms

textTwo decades of research suggest that a non-specific style of autobiographical memory retrieval–known as overgeneral memory–may be a cognitive style that increases depression vulnerability. Recent theorizing and empirical evidence suggest the mechanisms underlying overgeneral memory include rumination and avoidance. This study provided a preliminary investigation of the effectiveness of an expressive writing intervention, which has been found to reduce rumination and avoidance, in reducing overgeneral memory, with the ultimate goal of preventing future depressive symptoms among non-depressed college students. Two hundred and seven non-depressed college students completed the expressive writing intervention, in addition to a one-month and six month follow-up assessment. Participants were randomized one of three writing conditions: traditional expressive writing, specific expressive writing, or control writing. Participants in the traditional and specific expressive writing conditions were instructed to write about their deepest thoughts and feelings about an emotional event; the specific expressive writing condition contained the additional instruction that participants describe the events in a vivid and detailed manner. Participants in the control condition were instructed to write about a neutral topic (i.e., time management). All groups wrote for 20 minutes on three consecutive days. Study results showed that compared to participants in the control writing condition, participants in the traditional and specific expressive writing conditions demonstrated significantly greater autobiographical memory specificity at the six-month follow-up, but not at the one-month follow-up. Furthermore, the observed increase in autobiographical memory specificity for the expressive writing conditions could not be attributed to change in depressive symptoms over the same time interval. Results revealed that the effect of the traditional expressive writing intervention on increased autobiographical memory specificity was partially mediated by a reduction in avoidance assessed at the one-month follow-up. The hypothesis that rumination would partially mediate the effect of the expressive writing intervention on increased autobiographical memory specificity was not supported. Despite preliminary evidence that an expressive writing intervention compared to a control wiring condition is effective in increasing autobiographical memory specificity over a six-month period for initially non-depressed college students, it remains to be seen if increased autobiographical memory specificity decreases vulnerability to future depressive symptoms.Educational Psycholog

Campus Writing Centers, Student Attendance, and Change in Student Writing Performance

This dissertation examined the relationship between students attending a writing center and the change in students’ writing performance over the course of a semester. The study also sought to determine whether demographics (age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, and whether a student is a first-generation college student) were related to students’ change in writing after they attended a college writing center. Five Mississippi colleges and universities participated in the study. The study began with 110 students; however, only 78 students submitted two essays during the semester. Of those, 34 reported that they attended the writing center, 28 reported that they did not attend the writing center, and 16 did not report attendance. English instructors at each college selected one of their English composition classes for the study, and during the semester, the instructors submitted unmarked copies of their students’ first essay and unmarked copies of a later essay to the researcher. Upon receipt of the students’ papers, the researcher copied and coded all of the papers, removing all identifying information. A panel of three trained raters individually graded all of the students’ unmarked papers using a first-year composition rubric obtained from the University of South Florida, which included the four criteria: focus, evidence, organization, and style. Using the Cronbach’s alpha of .7, the researcher determined interrater reliability and was able to average the scores of the raters for each of the student’s essays. The results indicated that the majority of the student participants did not attend their college’s writing center during the semester. Additionally, the majority of those who did attend, only attended one time. However, of the 8 students who attended their writing center at least 4 times, their scores on the 4 criteria improved on most of the criteria, with only two students showing a decline on any criteria. The remainder showed either no change or an improvement. The results of this study suggest that a change in student writing performance occurs after multiple visits and could be useful to higher education administrators, especially writing center directors, who may seek to replicate the study within their own centers

Revealing extraordinary properties of femtosecond laser writing in glass

Modification of transparent materials with ultrafast lasers has attracted considerable interest due to a wide range of applications including laser surgery, integrated optics, optical data storage, 3D micro- and nano-structuring [1].Three different types of material modifications can be induced with ultrafast laser irradiation in the bulk of a transparent material, silica glass in particular: an isotropic refractive index change (type 1); a form birefringence associated with self-assembled nanogratings and negative refractive index change (type 2) [2,3]; and a void (type 3). In fused silica the transition from type 1 to type 2 and finally to type 3 modification is observed with an increase of fluence. Recently, a remarkable phenomenon in ultrafast laser processing of transparent materials has been reported manifesting itself as a change in material modification by reversing the writing direction [4]. The phenomenon has been interpreted in terms of anisotropic plasma heating by a tilted front of the ultrashort laser pulse. Moreover a change in structural modification has been demonstrated in glass by controlling the direction of pulse front tilt, achieving a calligraphic style of laser writing which is similar in appearance to that inked with the bygone quill pen [5]. It has also been a common belief that in a homogeneous medium, the photosensitivity and corresponding light-induced material modifications do not change on the reversal of light propagation direction. More recently it have observed that in a noncentrosymmetric medium, modification of the material can be different when light propagates in opposite directions (KaYaSo effect) [6]. Non-reciprocity is produced by magnetic field (Faraday effect) and movement of the medium with respect to the direction of light propagation: parallel (Sagnac effect) or perpendicular (KaYaSo effect). Moreover a new phenomenon of ultrafast light blade, representing itself the first evidence of anisotropic sensitivity of isotropic medium to femtosecond laser radiation has been recently discovered [7]. We attribute these new phenomena to the anisotropy of the light-matter interaction caused by space-time couplings in ultrashort light pulses. This intrinsic spatio-temporal asymmetry of light opens an interesting opportunity in the control of photon flux interacting with a target submerged into condensed isotropic medium. We anticipate that the observed phenomena will open new opportunities in laser material processing, laser surgery, optical manipulation and data storage