Contribuições ao estudo de planejamento para implantação de uma rede de acesso 5G em uma área urbana adensada em Natal / Contributions to the planning study for the deployment of a 5G access network in a densely populated urban area in Natal

A tecnologia de acesso móvel passou por uma grande revolução e popularização nos últimos anos. Cada geração de tecnologia móvel forneceu melhorias significativas de desempenho, com mudanças rápidas em respostas às demandas de capacidade resultante do crescimento maciço do tráfego de dados em dispositivos móveis em todo mundo. A quinta geração (5G) se edifica em três casos de uso: eMBB (Enhanced mobile broadband), URLLC (Ultra-reliable and low latency communications) e mMTC (Massive machine type communications). Como os requisitos de cada caso de uso são bem diferentes, a rede 5G precisa de flexibilidade suficiente para prestar conectividade de serviços existentes e futuros, que devem ser implementados com eficiência em único bloco contínuo de espectro ou em blocos distintos, usando a funcionalidade de agregação de portadora. Os desafios para evolução e efetiva implantação da tecnologia 5G no Brasil envolvem questões regulatórias e políticas, bem como a necessidade de ampliação e adequação da infraestrutura de rede existente. Este estudo de caso apresenta resultados de desempenho de uma rede avaliando a simulação de um cenário de implantação da geração 5G em uma área adensada na cidade do Natal/RN, propondo uma configuração formada por 4 macrocélulas operando em 700 MHz e uma segunda rede formada com adição de 39 microcélulas  operando em 3,5 GHz. A avalição realizada confronta os resultados obtidos de cobertura, de SINR e de capacidade de ambas as redes, avaliando os desafios de transição da atual para a próxima geração de tecnologia móvel diante da infraestrutura de rede de acesso já existente.  A rede 5G planejada apresentou desempenho compatível com o esperado no padrão NR, principalmente em capacidade, por alcançar taxas em torno de 100 a 200 Mbps em quase toda a área de cobertura

The Cloud-to-Thing Continuum

The Internet of Things offers massive societal and economic opportunities while at the same time significant challenges, not least the delivery and management of the technical infrastructure underpinning it, the deluge of data generated from it, ensuring privacy and security, and capturing value from it. This Open Access Pivot explores these challenges, presenting the state of the art and future directions for research but also frameworks for making sense of this complex area. This book provides a variety of perspectives on how technology innovations such as fog, edge and dew computing, 5G networks, and distributed intelligence are making us rethink conventional cloud computing to support the Internet of Things. Much of this book focuses on technical aspects of the Internet of Things, however, clear methodologies for mapping the business value of the Internet of Things are still missing. We provide a value mapping framework for the Internet of Things to address this gap. While there is much hype about the Internet of Things, we have yet to reach the tipping point. As such, this book provides a timely entrée for higher education educators, researchers and students, industry and policy makers on the technologies that promise to reshape how society interacts and operates

Cost efficient 5G heterogeneous base station deployment using meta-heuristics

This thesis was submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University LondonOver the last two decades, the telecommunication industry has witnessed sustained growth in the number of mobile user devices driven by the introduction of data services, the take-off of the internet and smart user equipment. This growth, which is forecasted to continue, has continued to push the data transfer capacity requirement on mobile networks and has motivated research into the design of 5th generation (5G) mobile networks. A key concern in the design of 5G is the infrastructure and power consumption cost of the base station network which is expected to be significantly more advanced and dense than that of existing conventional mobile networks. This thesis presents an optimisation framework for the cost efficient design of 5G base station networks, based on the application of meta-heuristic algorithms. The presented optimisation framework is centred on the ability to exploit three key technologies of 5G, a heterogonous base station network with small-cells, multi-antenna spatial multiplexing MIMO and cell range extension. The framework includes mathematical integer programming models for supporting the decisions about the optimal base station topology in a 5G mobile network and provides a clear core for the application of meta-heuristics for optimising 5G base station deployment. The core optimisation framework includes the definition of solution encoding/decoding and fitness mechanisms. To increase power consumption awareness of base station network design, an independent base station deployment strategy has been presented and evaluated. Simulation results show that the strategy can improve base station network design power consumption by as much as 34%. The work in this thesis has been extensively evaluated using a simulated 5G mobile network system model. Evaluations of algorithms have been performed through empirical measurements. The main contribution of this thesis is the definition of a clear framework for application fitness based heuristic search in the design of 5G mobile networks

Συγκριτική παρουσίαση των τεχνολογιών 5G και WiFi 6.0

Τα τελευταία χρόνια, μεγάλη σημασία έχει δοθεί στην πέμπτη γενιά ασύρματης ευρυζωνικής συνδεσιμότητας γνωστής ως 5G, η οποία υπόσχεται μια σημαντική αναβάθμιση στη ποιότητα και στη χωρητικότητα των κινητών ευρυζωνικών υπηρεσιών αλλά και ένα γενικότερο τεχνολογικό άλμα με τη παροχή μιας πληθώρας νέων δυνατοτήτων. Παραδόξως, έχει δοθεί λιγότερη προσοχή στο Wi-Fi 6, το νέο πρότυπο 802.11ax της IEEE στην οικογένεια τεχνολογιών ασύρματου τοπικού δικτύου, με χαρακτηριστικά που στοχεύουν στα ιδιωτικά, ακραία δίκτυα, υποστηρίζοντας υψηλές ταχύτητες, χαμηλή καθυστέρηση και χαμηλή ενεργειακή κατανάλωση. Αυτή η εργασία εξετάζει την καταλληλότητα των κυψελωτών και των Wi-Fi δικτύων στην παροχή υψηλής ταχύτητας ασύρματης σύνδεσης στο διαδίκτυο. Και οι δύο τεχνολογίες φιλοδοξούν να προσφέρουν σημαντικά βελτιωμένη απόδοση, πολύ πιο γρήγορη ασύρματη ευρυζωνική σύνδεση και περαιτέρω υποστήριξη για το διαδίκτυο των πραγμάτων (IoT) και τις επικοινωνίες τύπου μηχανής, τοποθετώντας τις ως τεχνικά υποκατάστατες σε πολλά σενάρια χρήσης. Και οι δύο είναι πιθανό να διαδραματίσουν σημαντικό ρόλο στο μέλλον και ταυτόχρονα να αξιοποιηθούν ως ανταγωνιστικές και συμπληρωματικές τεχνολογίες. Το 5G αναμένεται να παραμείνει η προτιμώμενη τεχνολογία για την κάλυψη μιας ευρείας περιοχής, ενώ η τεχνολογία Wi-Fi θα παραμείνει κυρίαρχη για εσωτερική χρήση, χάρη στο πολύ χαμηλότερο κόστος ανάπτυξης. Ωστόσο, τα παραδοσιακά όρια που διέκριναν τις προηγούμενες γενιές κινητών και Wi-Fi δικτύων θολώνουν, με τη παρουσία πλέον αυτών των δυο τεχνολογιών να συμβάλει στην επίτευξη του στόχου της παροχής προσιτών, αξιόπιστων, και αδιάλειπτων ασύρματων ευρυζωνικών συνδέσεων υψηλής χωρητικότητας.In recent years, significant attention has been directed toward the fifth generation of wireless broadband connectivity known as ‘5G’, currently being deployed by Mobile Network Operators. 5G promises a significant upgrade in the quality and capacity of mobile broadband services but also a more general technological leap by providing a plethora of new capabilities Surprisingly, there has been considerably less attention paid to ‘Wi-Fi 6’, the new IEEE 802.1ax standard in the family of Wireless Local Area Network technologies with features targeting private, edge-networks, supporting high speeds, low latency and low energy consumption. This work revisits the suitability of cellular and Wi-Fi in delivering high-speed wireless Internet connectivity. Both technologies aspire to deliver significantly enhanced performance, enabling each to deliver much faster wireless broadband connectivity, and provide further support for the Internet of Things and Machine-toMachine communications, positioning the two technologies as technical substitutes in many usage scenarios. We conclude that both are likely to play important roles in the future, and simultaneously serve as competitors and complements. 5G is anticipated to remain the preferred technology for wide-area coverage, while Wi-Fi 6 will remain the preferred technology for indoor use, thanks to its much lower deployment costs. However, the traditional boundaries that differentiated earlier generations of cellular and Wi-Fi are blurring. The presence of both technologies should contribute to achieving the goal of providing affordable, reliable, and seamless high-bandwidth wireless broadband connections

Capacity and costs for 5g networks in dense urban areas.

An initial analysis of 5G has shown that it is a radical departure form the generational trend: In particular headline rates and capacities which are X10 and X100 greater than the improvement attained with previous, more evolutionary, upgrades. In order to achieve these metrics will require extreme densification of the network given the spectrum that is available for 5G. A compelling case is made that this densification will cause costs to balloon. To access this costs a techno-economic analysis of the 5G eMBB (enhanced Mobile BroadBand) scenario in dense urban areas has been accomplished by radio capacity modelling of probable 5G technologies within a 1km² grid representing central London. Different density networks were modelled at: 700MHz (macro network), 3.5GHz (micro network) and 24-27.5 GHz (hot spots) – together with 802.11ac access points. Using published data on network costs various deployment options have been evaluated for capacity, headline rate and CAPEX/OPEX. It has been shown that reaching headline rates of 64-100Mbps everywhere is possible with a number of different technology options. Massive increases in capacity (in excess of 100Gbps/km²), however, can only be realistically achieved with millimetre wave (outdoor) and internal base stations The cost of deploying such capacity, however, will be several times that of LTE – we estimate a 4 to 5 times increase in costs for a 100Mbps everywhere network that has x100 capacity increase over existing LTE networks. One possible way of reducing the costs of 5G and increasing capacity is to place femto or distributed base-stations within buildings: we have demonstrated 3Tbps/km² of capacity with 5,800 femto cells per km² for a neutral hosted solution. However, there is a substantial up-front cost to utilizing internal base-stations: fibre back-haul and internal fibre needs to be installed. This initial cost is identified as significant barrier.</p