PEMBERIAN EDUKASI DINI VAKSINASI COVID 19 DAN EDUKASI PHBS DI SD NEGERI 02 CAMPAGO GUGUK BULEK BUKITTINGGI

Various efforts to prevent the spread of Covid-19 are still being carried out, including strict enforcement of health protocols, vaccinations, increasing knowledge about personal and environmental health as well as various other actions in breaking the chain of spreading the Covid-19 virus. Vaccination is very important in the formation of herd immunity, which aims to reduce the adverse effects of viral infections that occur. Children are also a group that is vulnerable to Covid 19. Elementary school is an educational setting that has the potential for Covid-19 transmission. SD Negeri 02 Campago Guguak Bulek Bukittinggi, as one of the elementary schools that has implemented face-to-face learning in class. This will certainly be a great opportunity for the spread of the covid 19 virus, if awareness of the importance of complying with health protocols, knowledge of vaccinations and knowledge of clean and healthy living behavior has not been realized properly. Given the importance of early knowledge about covid 19 vaccination, and health education regarding clean and healthy living behavior, the DIII Nursing Study Program, Perintis University also takes part in community service activities with the aim of providing early knowledge about covid 19 vaccination and creating awareness of health care. themselves and the environment, through the theme “Providing Early Education on Covid 19 Vaccination and Health Education on Clean and Healthy Behavior at State Elementary School 02 Campago Guguk Bulek Bukittinggi'. The methods in this activity are providing education through counseling, watching videos and demonstrations. The results of the service show the enthusiasm of students, this can be seen from the number of questions and responses by participants during the discussion of activities. From these results, it can be concluded that this educational activity can increase students' knowledge and awareness of the importance of COVID-19 vaccination as well as personal and environmental hygiene. Keywords: Vaccination, covid-19, Health Educatio

Training university students as vaccination champions to promote vaccination in their multiple identities and help address vaccine hesitancy

Introduction: Covid-19 related vaccine hesitancy is a major problem worldwide and it risks delaying the global effort to control the pandemic. Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy is also higher in certain communities. Given that prescriber recommendation and community engagement are two effective ways of addressing vaccine hesitancy, training university students to become vaccination champions could be a way of addressing hesitancy, as the champions engage with their communities in their multiple identities. Aim: This study aims to assess the impact of a pilot project conducted in the UCL School of Pharmacy that could pave a way of integrating vaccination championing in the pharmacy undergraduate curriculum to address vaccine hesitancy. Method: Participants completed a pre-workshop questionnaire, attended an online workshop, conducted vaccination-promoting action/s, and provided evidence via a post-workshop questionnaire. Result: Fifty three students completed the course. The students’ vaccination-promoting actions ranged from speaking with vaccine-hesitant family, friends and customers in the pharmacy, to posting on various social media platforms. Post-workshop showed an increase in the knowledge of participants regarding vaccination and a decrease in the belief of vaccine misconceptions. After attending the workshop, participants were more likely to engage with vaccine-hesitant friends, family, strangers and patients. They were also more likely to receive the Covid-19 vaccine for them and for their children

Mental Health of Children and Adolescents During the Coronavirus 2019 Pandemic: The Importance of the COVID-19 Vaccine

Editorial With the outbreak of Coronavirus 2019, governments imposed measures such as closing schools, sports clubs, leisure activities, and severe social isolation, which led to many children and adolescents being locked up in their homes. Peers and teachers should be away and spend most of their time in cyberspace and online games1. Outbreaks of COVID-19 have a far greater impact on the daily lives of children and adolescents around the world than SARS, MERS, or swine flu. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) estimates that school closures have affected 862 million children and adolescents, making up almost half of the world's population. This has led many researchers to express concern about the possible psychological effects on children and adolescents2. Childhood and adolescence are associated with many changes and challenges, including gaining independence from parents, choosing a field of study, discovering different areas of identity, and coping with problems in everyday life. With all these challenges, the outbreak of COVID-19 also caused many problems for children and adolescents. According to studies, children and adolescents reacted differently to the coronavirus 2019 pandemic. To the extent that adolescents reported more anxiety and depression than children. Children were also more concerned about their caregivers and the attention they received3. During the COVID-19 outbreak, many first-time students attended virtual classes and did not experience such an epidemic. This led to significant fear and stress in them. In April 2020, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) surveyed the mental and physical health of approximately 1,700 children and adolescents in 104 countries. The results showed a high prevalence of psychological disorders in children and adolescents, which led to a decrease in their immune system, academic performance, and social interaction. It was also predicted that the psychosocial consequences of COVID-19 on vulnerable children and adolescents would be felt in the long run. In general, children and adolescents' reactions to critical situations depend on their previous exposure to emergencies, physical and mental health issues, socio-economic conditions of the family, and their cultural background4. The process of vaccinating and immunizing the people of the world against diseases is recognized as one of the greatest achievements of public health. Immunization programs have significantly reduced mortality and the incidence of infectious diseases, including the eradication of the Poliovirus worldwide5. During the outbreak of COVID-19, after the clinical trials of some vaccines were confirmed, some people were skeptical about getting vaccinated and participating in the nationwide vaccination process. However, over time and the positive effects of the COVID-19 vaccine on reducing the number of hospitalizations and deaths due to COVID-19 infection, many people became more positive and accepting of the WHO-approved vaccines6. All of this research has been done over the past year to encourage people around the world to participate in the vaccination process to show the many benefits that vaccination can bring. The success of the global vaccination process depends in part on people's perceptions of the benefits and risks of the vaccine, as well as how much trust they have in their government and country. Researchers believe that the refusal or delay of vaccination is due to the lack of knowledge and awareness of people about the safety of the vaccination process7. Due to the appropriate efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine in the elderly and adults, on May 10, 2020, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency permit for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine to adolescents aged 16 to 17 years. On May 11, 2021, it extended the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine emergency license to 12- to 15-year-olds. Also on August 23, 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration approved a vaccine for people under the age of 16 8. In this regard, Scherer et al.9 in a study examined the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine among adolescents. Studies show that 13.2% of adolescents had to be vaccinated due to returning to school. Also, 17.1% were due to fear of COVID-19, 15.5% due to participation in social activities and 14.5% of people wanted to get vaccinated to increase travel. On the other hand, obtaining more information about vaccine safety (21.7%) and effectiveness (17.6%) were among the factors that led to the rejection of the vaccine among adolescents. In another study, Frenck et al.10 in a study examined the efficacy and safety of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in adolescents. In this study, 2260 adolescents aged 12 to 15 participated, of which 1131 received the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine and 1129 received a placebo. Studies showed that 86% had injection site pain, 66% fatigue, and 65% headache. Among the participants who received the second dose of the vaccine, there were no cases of COVID-19, which indicated that the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine was 100% effective in adolescents. Ali et al.7 in a study examined the effectiveness of the Moderna vaccine on adolescents. 3732 people participated in this study, of which 2489 people received the Moderna vaccine and 1243 people received a placebo. Of those vaccinated, 93% had pain at the injection site, 70% had a headache and 67.8% had fatigue. Also, two weeks after receiving the second dose of the Moderna vaccine, no cases of COVID-19 were observed in individuals. After several months of the vaccination process in many countries around the world, we are witnessing the reopening of stadiums, schools, universities, businesses, and amusement parks, which can lead to the improvement of the mental and physical health of individuals. People have a high degree of confidence when they receive the first and second doses of the COVID-19 vaccine, which in turn reduces their risk of hospitalization and death from the coronavirus 2019 6. In this regard, Perez-Arce et al.11 in a study investigated the association of the COVID-19 vaccine with psychological distress. 8003 American adults participated in this study. Studies have shown that depression is significantly reduced in people who have received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. It was also found that the risk of mild and severe depression was reduced by 4% and 15%, respectively. Overall, since childhood and adolescence are known to be among the fast and sensitive developmental stages, a lot of vulnerabilities await the development of children's mental health during the outbreak of COVID-19. The most important reasons for this are the experience of stress and anxiety due to home quarantine, distance from peers, strict rules, and concerns about the health and financial status of the family. In addition, given that most mental health impairments occur during adolescence, people of this age range are due to COVID-19-induced stress factors such as school, university closures, decreased social interaction, and fear. They are more vulnerable to mental health than coronary heart disease. To this end, it is necessary to start the process of vaccination of children and adolescents as soon as possible, so that we can witness the reopening of schools, ,clubs and leisure centers by creating an appropriate level of safety in the world

Prevention of infectious diseases in athletes.

The sports medicine physician may face challenging issues regarding infectious diseases when dealing with teams or highly competitive athletes who have difficulties taking time off to recover. One must treat the individual sick athlete and take the necessary precautions to contain the spread of communicable disease to the surrounding team, staff, relatives, and other contacts. This article reviews preventive strategies for infectious disease in athletes, including immunization recommendations and prophylaxis guidelines, improvements in personal hygiene and prevention of spread of infectious organisms by direct contact, insect-borne disease precautions, and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. A special emphasis on immunizations focuses on pertussis, influenza, and meningococcal prophylaxis

Evolution of a transdisciplinary "One Medicine-One Health" approach to global health education at the University of California, Davis.

In today's world health events in one nation or geographic area often have repercussions for the health and well-being of populations beyond that region; sometimes even globally. In recent years many factors, most notably concern about emerging infectious diseases, have contributed to an increasing appreciation of the interdependency of human, animal and ecosystem health worldwide. Integrated global approaches to improve the health of humans, animals and their shared environments are proving to be in the best interest of many countries. A special symposium and award were established in memoriam to the internationally renowned epidemiologist, Dr. Calvin W. Schwabe, who (while at the University of California, Davis) was a significant advocate of the "One Medicine" approach to public health, calling upon all health professionals, including veterinarians, to work collaboratively and comparatively to improve human health. This paper discusses the evolution of the "One Medicine" concept into a global "One Health" approach to research, training capacity and service infrastructure, focused not only on disease, but also on health at the individual, population, and ecosystem levels. Projects involving UCD faculty which attempt to integrate a One Health approach include the Health for Animals and Livelihood Improvement (HALI) Project in Tanzania, Envirovet Summer Institute, Avian Flu School and Newcastle Immunization Program in Africa, a web-based virtual global health training program, and the Calvin Schwabe One Health Project

Willingness of children and adolescents to have a COVID-19 vaccination: Results of a large whole schools survey in England.

BackgroundVaccine hesitancy has affected COVID-19 adult vaccination programs in many countries. Data on hesitancy amongst child and adolescent populations is largely confined to parent opinion. We investigated the characteristics of vaccine hesitant children and adolescents using results from a large, school-based self-report survey of the willingness to have a COVID-19 vaccination in students aged 9 -18 years in England.MethodsData from the OxWell Student Survey on mental health, life experiences and behaviours were used, collected from four counties across England. Local authority partners recruited schools. The vaccine hesitancy question gave six response options and were clustered to inform delivery: eager and willing were categorised as vaccination 'opt-in', don't know and not bothered categorised as 'undecided', and unwilling and anti-vaccination categorised as 'opt-out'. We conducted a multinomial regression to determine associations between vaccine hesitancy and sociodemographic, health behaviour and social connection variables.Findings27,910 students from 180 schools answered the vaccine hesitancy question between 14th May and 21st July 2021, of whom 13984 (50.1%) would opt-in to take a vaccination, 10322 (37.0%) were undecided, and 3604 (12.9%) would opt-out. A lower percentage of younger students reported that they would opt-in to vaccination, for example, 35.7% of 9-year-olds and 51.3% of 13-year-olds compared to 77.8% of 17-year-olds would opt-in to take a vaccination. Students who were 'opt-out' or 'undecided' (a combined 'vaccine hesitant' group) were more likely to come from deprived socioeconomic contexts with higher rates of home rental versus home ownership and their school locations were more likely to be in areas of greater deprivation. They were more likely to smoke or vape, spend longer on social media, feel that they did not belong in their school community but had lower levels of anxiety and depression. The vaccine hesitant students- the undecided and opt-out groups- were similar in profile, although the opt-out students had higher reported confirmed or probable previous COVID-19 infection than the opt-in group, whereas those undecided, did not.InterpretationIf government vaccination strategies move towards vaccinating younger school-aged students, efforts to increase vaccination uptake may be necessary. Compared with students who would opt-in, those who were vaccine hesitant had greater indicators of social deprivation and felt a lack of community cohesion by not feeling a sense of belonging at their school. There were indications that those students who would opt-out had higher levels of marginalisation and mistrust. If programmes are rolled out, focus on hesitant younger students will be important, targeting more marginalised and deprived young people with information from trusted sources utilising social media; improving access to vaccination centres with provision both in and outside school; and addressing fears and worries about the effects of the vaccine. The main limitation of this study is that the participant group may not be wholly representative of England or the UK, which may bias population-level estimates of willingness to be vaccinated.FundingThe Westminster Foundation, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley at Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust and the NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre

Trends in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in school staff, students and their household members from 2020 to 2022 in Wales, UK: an electronic cohort study

Objectives We investigated SARS-CoV-2 infection trends, risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination uptake among school staff, students and their household members in Wales, UK. Design Seven-day average of SARS-CoV-2 infections and polymerase chain reaction tests per 1000 people daily, cumulative incidence of COVID-19 vaccination uptake and multi-level Poisson models with time-varying covariates. Setting National electronic cohort between September 2020 and May 2022 when several variants were predominant in the UK (Alpha, Delta and Omicron). Participants School students aged 4 to 10/11 years (primary school and younger middle school, n = 238,163), and 11 to 15/16 years (secondary school and older middle school, n = 182,775), school staff in Wales (n = 47,963) and the household members of students and staff (n = 697,659). Main outcome measures SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination uptake. Results School students had a sustained period of high infection rates compared with household members after August 2021. Primary schedule vaccination uptake was highest among staff (96.3%) but lower for household members (72.2%), secondary and older middle school students (59.8%), and primary and younger middle school students (3.3%). Multi-level Poisson models showed that vaccination was associated with a lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The Delta variant posed a greater infection risk for students than the Alpha variant. However, Omicron was a larger risk for staff and household members. Conclusions Public health bodies should be informed of the protection COVID-19 vaccines afford, with more research being required for younger populations. Furthermore, schools require additional support in managing new, highly transmissible variants. Further research should examine the mechanisms between child deprivation and SARS-CoV-2 infection

Students’ age and parental level of education influence COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy

Widespread vaccination in pursuit of herd immunity has been recognized as the most promising approach to ending the global pandemic of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). The vaccination of children and adolescents has been extensively debated and the first COVID-19 vaccine is now approved in European countries for children aged > 12 years of age. Our study investigates vaccination hesitancy in a cohort of German secondary school students. We assessed 903 students between age 9 and 20 in the period between 17 May 2021 and 30 June 2021. 68.3% (n = 617) reported intention to undergo COVID-19 vaccination, while 7% (n = 62) did not want to receive the vaccine and 15% (n = 135) were not yet certain. Age and parental level of education influenced COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Children under the age of 16 as well as students whose parents had lower education levels showed significantly higher vaccine hesitancy. Conclusion: Identifying subsets with higher vaccination hesitancy is important for targeting public information campaigns in support of immunization.What is Known:• The willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccination among adults in Europe is about 70%, but data for children and adolescents is lacking.• The lack of immunization in younger cohorts represents a significant barrier to achieving herd immunity, and also leaves children and adolescents vulnerable to acute and long-term morbidity from natural COVID-19 infections.What is New:• Intention-to-vaccinate among children and adolescents is high (~ 70%); conversely, vaccination hesitancy is low.• Age and parental level of education influenced COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among children and adolescents. © 2021, The Author(s)

COVID-19 vaccine perspective from adolescents\u27 lens in the US

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has presented an unprecedented global health issue. The World Health Organization estimates 773 million confirmed cases and 7 million deaths. Vaccination continues to be the most effective way to prevent COVID-19 and has demonstrated safety and efficacy in all age groups. Though a lot of studies have looked at COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and hesitancy in adults, there is scarce research addressing adolescent vaccination readiness. COVID-19 infection in this age group may result in lost school days, school and community transmission, and loss of productivity for parents. Aim This study aims to determine COVID-19 vaccination rates and factors influencing its acceptance and hesitancy in adolescents in a community setting. Methods A voluntary survey was conducted at a local high school in May 2023. Information was collected about the demographics of adolescents and the educational background of parents/guardians. The survey assessed the COVID vaccine rate, reasons for COVID-19 vaccine acceptance or refusal, number of doses of COVID-19 vaccine and boosters received, prior history of COVID-19 infection, source of information on COVID-19 vaccine, flu vaccine acceptance by the students, and whether they would be willing to take a COVID-19 vaccine booster. Results Four hundred participants, ranging in age from 13 to 19, were surveyed. The vaccination rate in boys was comparable to that in girls. 72% received at least one COVID-19 vaccine, and 66% were considered completely vaccinated. Of those completely vaccinated, 80% had undergone further updated COVID-19 booster vaccinations. Adolescents whose parents/guardians were college graduates had a higher vaccination rate than those whose parents/guardians were not. Caucasians and Asians had a higher vaccination rate compared to African Americans and mixed races. The vaccination rate was not statistically different in adolescents with prior COVID-19 infection versus no prior infection. Flu vaccination was associated with higher COVID-19 vaccination rates. Lack of trust was an important reason for vaccine hesitancy, along with questions about efficacy, concerns about side effects, parent/guardian decisions, and religious reasons. Protecting oneself, family/friends, and community were the major reasons to take the vaccine. Parents/guardians, physicians, peers, television, social media, flyers, and schools were the primary sources that adolescents relied on for information about the COVID-19 vaccination. Conclusion Lower education attainment among parents/guardians, African Americans, and mixed races was associated with lower vaccination rates. Lack of trust in the vaccine, questions about efficacy, and fear of side effects were the most frequently cited reasons for vaccine hesitancy. Parent/guardian influence and religious reasons were other significant reasons for vaccine hesitancy. Flu vaccination was associated with higher COVID-19 vaccination rates. Understanding factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination will allow us to address barriers to COVID-19 vaccination and other vaccinations appropriate for this age group. Educating adolescents in schools, involving local and state health departments to increase awareness about the vaccine, and educating parents and guardians along with the teenagers can help increase the acceptance of the vaccine. These interventions will also positively affect the acceptance of the booster and prepare us for any future pandemics

The awareness and acceptance of anti-COVID 19 vaccination in adolescence

Background: COVID-19 had devastating effects on children's and adolescents' life, including neuropsychological impairment, discontinuation of social life and education. Since June 2021, antiCOVID19 vaccination has become available to adolescents in Italy up to 12 years and since December 2021 to children aged more than 5 years. The pediatric population represents a challenging target for vaccination. Aim of the study is to perform a survey among adolescents to explore factors associated with COVID 19 immunization and their perceptions about COVID-19 vaccines. Methods: Italian students aged 10-17 years were invited to participate in an anonymous online survey regarding their immunization against COVID-19 and their opinion on the immunization practice through a web link to the questionnaire. The study period was March-June 2022. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS v 21. Results: In the study period, 895 students entered the survey. A total of 87.3% of respondents were immunized against SARS-CoV2. The most important predictors of being immunized against SARS-CoV2 were having both parents immunized (p < 0, 001) and being aged over 12 years. In the unvaccinated group, the decision was mostly influenced by the family (65.8%). Regardless the immunization status, respondents were willing to receive information about COVID 19 vaccination mostly by their family doctor (51.8%) and at school (28.9%). Conclusions: Parents' decisions and attitudes strongly affected the immunization status of adolescents. Students' willing to receive COVID 19 vaccine information by family doctors and at school, underline the potential role of paediatricians and school educators in contributing to an increased vaccine coverage among the paediatric age