Promoting sales through coupns in oligopoly under imperfect price information.

This paper analyzes sales promotions through coupons in an oligopoly under imperfect price infonnation. Firms can send out coupons that either communicate the price (CCPs) or not (CNCPs). By offering rebates or advertising their prices at distant locations, firms can attract consumers from their rivals' markets. A unique symmetric pure strategy equilibrium is shown to exist where sellers do send out coupons that offer positive rebates. Thus, contrary to the literature, sales promotions are pennanent. In the equilibrium with CNCPs, prices, advertising efforts and finns' profits are higher than in the equilibrium with CCPs. However, the equilibrium with CNCPs is not robust if we allow firms to choose the type of coupons as well. In contrast, the equilibrium with CCPs is always robust.Sales promotions; Coupons; Oligopoly; Imperfect information; Price discrimination;

Modelling Animal Systems Paper: Update of the Dutch protein evaluation system for ruminants: the DVE/OEB2010 system

In the current Dutch protein evaluation system (the DVE/OEB1991 system), two characteristics are calculated for each feed: true protein digested in the intestine (DVE) and the rumen degradable protein balance (OEB). Of these, DVE represents the protein value of a feed, while OEB is the difference between the potential microbial protein synthesis (MPS) on the basis of available rumen degradable protein and that on the basis of available rumen degradable energy. DVE can be separated into three components: (i) feed crude protein undegraded in the rumen but digested in the small intestine, (ii) microbial true protein synthesized in the rumen and digested in the small intestine, and (iii) endogenous protein lost in the digestive processes. Based on new research findings, the DVE/OEB1991 system has recently been updated to the DVE/OEB2010 system. More detail and differentiation is included concerning the representation of chemical components in feed, the rumen degradation characteristics of these components, the efficiency of MPS and the fractional passage rates. For each chemical component, the soluble, washout, potentially degradable and truly non-degradable fractions are defined with separate fractional degradation rates. Similarly, fractional passage rates for each of these fractions were identified and partly expressed as a function of fractional degradation rate. Efficiency of MPS is related to the various fractions of the chemical components and their associated fractional passage rates. Only minor changes were made with respect to the amount of DVE required for maintenance and production purposes of the animal. Differences from other current protein evaluation systems, viz. the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein system and the Feed into Milk system, are discussed

Risk management on application of minimum-cost feed ration for nitrogen and phosphorus reduction on dairy farm

The traditional mathematical programming model with the objective function of feed ration cost minimization is used to accommodate risk management responses to price variability associated with feeding a particular feed ration over time. The model incorporated biophysical simulation data using Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) software in addressing nutrient requirements and excretions. In addition, it used historic feedstuff prices in a mean-variance (E-V) framework analysis. The optimized seasonal feeding indicated to have a lower mean ration cost and lowest nutrient loading followed by optimized uniform feeding program. The feed cost optimization proved to be a better strategy in minimizing ration cost and reducing excretions both manure and nutrients. The results in this study can be used as guidelines for making nutrient. The information in this study can be used by a producer facing feed price risk to select optimal ration while reducing environmental pollution.Risk and Uncertainty,

Precision Feeding in Dairy Ration Cost Minimization Under Producer's Risk Management

The biophysical simulation data from Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System were used in non-linear programming model for least cost ration incorporating ingredient nutrient and price variations. Precision feeding practice indicated to have lower mean cost ration than whole herd feeding in terms of ration cost.Non-linear programming, nutrient variation, price variation, precision feeding, environmental pollution, phosphorus, nitrogen, mean cost ration, whole herd feeding, Livestock Production/Industries, Risk and Uncertainty,

New York and Vermont Corn Silage Hybrid Trials

The corn silage hybrid evaluation program expanded to 77 hybrids in 2018. Hybrid evaluation at multiple environments helps in decision making and expands the reach of this type of data to more farmers. With this in mind Cornell, UVM, and seed companies collaborate to bring this robust evaluation. This year, hybrids were either entered into the 80-95 day relative maturity (RM) group (Early-Mid) and were tested at two locations in NY (n = 20; Hu-Lane Farm in Albion and the Willsboro Research Farm in Willsboro) and one location in VT (n = 20; Borderview Farm in Alburgh) or were entered into the 96-110 day relative maturity group (Mid-Late) and were tested at two locations in NY (n = 57; Greenwood Farms in Madrid and the Musgrave Research Farm in Aurora) and one location in VT (n = 55; Borderview Farm in Alburgh). The average Growing Degree Days (GDD; 86-50°F system) from May through August for years 2005 to 2018 is 2053 GGD at Albion, 2039 at Willsboro, 1979 at Alburgh, 2078 at Aurora and 1953 at Madrid (Table 1a and 1b)

An Integrated Precision Production and Environmental Management Analysis of a Kentucky Dairy Farm

This study compares and contrasts the profitability of different dairy management practices through precision livestock farming. Feed analysis and crop yields were simulated. The proposed alternative feeding program demonstrated less manure and nutrient excretions. When mathematical programming model was employed, uniform rate application manifested the highest selected economic values.Management practices, environmental, Environmental Economics and Policy,

Promoting sales through coupns in oligopoly under imperfect price information

This paper analyzes sales promotions through coupons in an oligopoly under imperfect price infonnation. Firms can send out coupons that either communicate the price (CCPs) or not (CNCPs). By offering rebates or advertising their prices at distant locations, firms can attract consumers from their rivals' markets. A unique symmetric pure strategy equilibrium is shown to exist where sellers do send out coupons that offer positive rebates. Thus, contrary to the literature, sales promotions are pennanent. In the equilibrium with CNCPs, prices, advertising efforts and finns' profits are higher than in the equilibrium with CCPs. However, the equilibrium with CNCPs is not robust if we allow firms to choose the type of coupons as well. In contrast, the equilibrium with CCPs is always robust

Nitrogen efficiency of dairy cattle : from protein evaluation to ammonia emission

Diet optimization contributes considerably to increased nitrogen efficiency of dairy cattle, resulting in reduced nitrogen losses. This thesis focuses on three themes: the potential advances in protein evaluation systems for ruminants, the relationship between dairy cow diet and ammonia emission and the opportunities to monitor ammonia emission from dairy cow barns by application of milk urea content as a practical indicator. Overall, the present work shows that farm management can be aimed at increased nitrogen efficiency of dairy cattle and reduced ammonia emission without compromising other sustainability objectives such as the integral ecological footprint, animal health and farm profitability. </p

Degradabilidade ruminal da fibra em detergente neutro e do nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro da silagem de milho e do farelo de soja, em bovinos da Raça Nelore.

Empregou-se a técnica da degradação in situ, utilizando-se quatro animais Nelores com peso vivo médio de 520k e 36 meses de idade