High Capacity CDMA and Collaborative Techniques

The thesis investigates new approaches to increase the user capacity and improve the error performance of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) by employing adaptive interference cancellation and collaborative spreading and space diversity techniques. Collaborative Coding Multiple Access (CCMA) is also investigated as a separate technique and combined with CDMA. The advantages and shortcomings of CDMA and CCMA are analysed and new techniques for both the uplink and downlink are proposed and evaluated. Multiple access interference (MAI) problem in the uplink of CDMA is investigated first. The practical issues of multiuser detection (MUD) techniques are reviewed and a novel blind adaptive approach to interference cancellation (IC) is proposed. It exploits the constant modulus (CM) property of digital signals to blindly suppress interference during the despreading process and obtain amplitude estimation with minimum mean squared error for use in cancellation stages. Two new blind adaptive receiver designs employing successive and parallel interference cancellation architectures using the CM algorithm (CMA) referred to as ‘CMA-SIC’ and ‘BA-PIC’, respectively, are presented. These techniques have shown to offer near single user performance for large number of users. It is shown to increase the user capacity by approximately two fold compared with conventional IC receivers. The spectral efficiency analysis of the techniques based on output signal-to interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) also shows significant gain in data rate. Furthermore, an effective and low complexity blind adaptive subcarrier combining (BASC) technique using a simple gradient descent based algorithm is proposed for Multicarrier-CDMA. It suppresses MAI without any knowledge of channel amplitudes and allows large number of users compared with equal gain and maximum ratio combining techniques normally used in practice. New user collaborative schemes are proposed and analysed theoretically and by simulations in different channel conditions to achieve spatial diversity for uplink of CCMA and CDMA. First, a simple transmitter diversity and its equivalent user collaborative diversity techniques for CCMA are designed and analysed. Next, a new user collaborative scheme with successive interference cancellation for uplink of CDMA referred to as collaborative SIC (C-SIC) is investigated to reduce MAI and achieve improved diversity. To further improve the performance of C-SIC under high system loading conditions, Collaborative Blind Adaptive SIC (C-BASIC) scheme is proposed. It is shown to minimize the residual MAI, leading to improved user capacity and a more robust system. It is known that collaborative diversity schemes incur loss in throughput due to the need of orthogonal time/frequency slots for relaying source’s data. To address this problem, finally a novel near-unity-rate scheme also referred to as bandwidth efficient collaborative diversity (BECD) is proposed and evaluated for CDMA. Under this scheme, pairs of users share a single spreading sequence to exchange and forward their data employing a simple superposition or space-time encoding methods. At the receiver collaborative joint detection is performed to separate each paired users’ data. It is shown that the scheme can achieve full diversity gain at no extra bandwidth as inter-user channel SNR becomes high. A novel approach of ‘User Collaboration’ is introduced to increase the user capacity of CDMA for both the downlink and uplink. First, collaborative group spreading technique for the downlink of overloaded CDMA system is introduced. It allows the sharing of the same single spreading sequence for more than one user belonging to the same group. This technique is referred to as Collaborative Spreading CDMA downlink (CS-CDMA-DL). In this technique T-user collaborative coding is used for each group to form a composite codeword signal of the users and then a single orthogonal sequence is used for the group. At each user’s receiver, decoding of composite codeword is carried out to extract the user’s own information while maintaining a high SINR performance. To improve the bit error performance of CS-CDMA-DL in Rayleigh fading conditions, Collaborative Space-time Spreading (C-STS) technique is proposed by combining the collaborative coding multiple access and space-time coding principles. A new scheme for uplink of CDMA using the ‘User Collaboration’ approach, referred to as CS-CDMA-UL is presented next. When users’ channels are independent (uncorrelated), significantly higher user capacity can be achieved by grouping multiple users to share the same spreading sequence and performing MUD on per group basis followed by a low complexity ML decoding at the receiver. This approach has shown to support much higher number of users than the available sequences while also maintaining the low receiver complexity. For improved performance under highly correlated channel conditions, T-user collaborative coding is also investigated within the CS-CDMA-UL system

A mixed-cost blind adaptive receiver for DS-CDMA

A new mixed-cost receiver for direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems is proposed. An adaptive mixing function is introduced to combine the constrained minimum output energy (CMOE) and constant modulus (CM) criteria together. Simulations confirm the near-far resistance of the proposed receiver over a wide range of near-far situation

Linear MMSE Receivers for Interference Suppression & Multipath Diversity Combining in Long-Code DS-CDMA Systems

This thesis studies the design and implementation of a linear minimum mean-square error (LMMSE) receiver in asynchronous bandlimited direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems that employ long-code pseudo-noise (PN) sequences and operate in multipath environments. The receiver is shown to be capable of multiple-access interference (MAI) suppression and multipath diversity combining without the knowledge of other users' signature sequences. It outperforms any other linear receiver by maximizing output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with the aid of a new chip filter which exploits the cyclostationarity of the received signal and combines all paths of the desired user that fall within its supported time span. This work is motivated by the shortcomings of existing LMMSE receivers which are either incompatible with long-code CDMA or constrained by limitations in the system model. The design methodology is based on the concept of linear/conjugate linear (LCL) filtering and satisfying the orthogonality conditions to achieve the LMMSE filter response. Moreover, the proposed LMMSE receiver addresses two drawbacks of the coherent Rake receiver, the industry's current solution for multipath reception. First, unlike the Rake receiver which uses the chip-matched filter (CMF) and treats interference as additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), the LMMSE receiver suppresses interference by replacing the CMF with a new chip pulse filter. Second, in contrast to the Rake receiver which only processes a subset of strongest paths of the desired user, the LMMSE receiver harnesses the energy of all paths of the desired user that fall within its time support, at no additional complexity. The performance of the proposed LMMSE receiver is analyzed and compared with that of the coherent Rake receiver with probability of bit error, Pe, as the figure of merit. The analysis is based on the accurate improved Gaussian approximation (IGA) technique. Closed form conditional Pe expressions for both the LMMSE and Rake receivers are derived. Furthermore, it is shown that if quadriphase random spreading, moderate to large spreading factors, and pulses with small excess bandwidth are used, the widely-used standard Gaussian Approximation (SGA) technique becomes accurate even for low regions of Pe. Under the examined scenarios tailored towards current narrowband system settings, the LMMSE receiver achieves 60% gain in capacity (1. 8 dB in output SNR) over the selective Rake receiver. A third of the gain is due to interference suppression capability of the receiver while the rest is credited to its ability to collect the energy of the desired user diversified to many paths. Future wideband systems will yield an ever larger gain. Adaptive implementations of the LMMSE receiver are proposed to rid the receiver from dependence on the knowledge of multipath parameters. The adaptive receiver is based on a fractionally-spaced equalizer (FSE) whose taps are updated by an adaptive algorithm. Training-based, pilot-channel-aided (PCA), and blind algorithms are developed to make the receiver applicable to both forward and reverse links, with or without the presence of pilot signals. The blind algorithms are modified versions of the constant modulus algorithm (CMA) which has not been previously studied for long-code CDMA systems. Extensive simulation results are presented to illustrate the convergence behavior of the proposed algorithms and quantify their performance loss under various levels of MAI. Computational complexities of the algorithms are also discussed. These three criteria (performance loss, convergence rate, and computational complexity) determine the proper choice of an adaptive algorithm with respect to the requirements of the specific application in mind

Simulación de una cadena de comunicaciones DS-CDMA - Simulació d’una cadena de comunicacions DS-CDMA

Català: En aquest projecte s'ha analitzat e implementat un sistema basat amb DSSS-CDMA amb un receptor comú y diversos transmissors sobre una plataforma modular en Matlab, essent aquesta una eina de validació teòrica. S'ha primat aquesta per sobre d'una implementació en DSP principalment pel cost ecònomic de les plaques DSP. Així, s'ha decidit fer una implementació en Matlab amb les restriccions pròpies d'una placa DSP. El principal objectiu del projecte es la validació del sistema mitjançant la simulació a nivell de mostra sense restriccions de memòria. El proper pas seria la implementació en plaques DSP, peró això s'escapa del objectiu d'aquest projecte. És per això que s'ha dissenyat un sistema que pugi processar les dades amb pocs recursos mitjançant Matlab, tots marcats per una serie de variables. El transmissor es composa de diversos mòduls invariants que son el codificador, modulador, spreader, zero padder, pols conformador i el up converter que estan encadenats per generar la senyal a transmetre per cada un dels diversos usuaris. Totes aquestes senyals passen per un canal d'esvaniment lent amb soroll Gaussià blanc que modelitza un medi de comunicacions mòbil. Finalment el receptor rep totes les senyals y les processa en una serie de mòduls independents formats per un filtre pas baix, downconverter, filtre adaptat, sincronitzador, downsampler, equalitzador, despreader, demodulador y decodificador. En aquest treball es pot observar en la secció de Resultats les captures de la senyal a cada una de les diverses fases seguides d'una breu explicació. Finalment es tracten les conclusions i les properes vies d'investigació.Castellano: En este proyecto se ha analizado e implementado un sistema basado en DSSS-CDMA con un receptor común y varios transmisores sobre una plataforma modular en Matlab, siendo ésta una herramienta de validación teórica. Se ha primado esta sobre una implementación en DSP por el coste económico de las placas DSP. Así que se ha decidido hacer una implementación en Matlab con las constricciones propias de una placa DSP. El objetivo principal del proyecto es la validación del sistema mediante la simulación a nivel de muestra sin restricciones de memoria. El siguiente paso sería la implementación en placas DSP pero esto se escapa del objetivo de este proyecto. Para ello se ha diseñado un sistema que pueda procesar los datos con pocos recursos en Matlab, marcados por una serie de variables. El transmisor se compone de varios módulos invariantes que son el codificador, modulador, spreader, zero padder, pulse shaper y el up converter que encadenados generan la señal a transmitir de cada uno de los distintos usuarios. Todas estas señales pasan por un canal con desvanecimientos lentos y ruido aditivo gaussiano que modeliza un medio de comunicaciones móvil. Finalmente el receptor recibe todas las señales y las procesa en una serie de módulos independientes formados por un filtro paso bajo, downconverter, filtro adaptado, sincronizador, downsampler, equalizador, despreader, demodulador y decodificador. En este trabajo se puede observar en la sección Resultados las capturas de la señal en cada una de las distintas fases seguida de una breve explicación. Para finalmente llegar a la sección de Conclusiones y Futuras líneas de investigación.English: This project has analyzed and implemented a system based on DS-CDMA with a common receiver and multiple transmitters on a modular platform in Matlab, which is used for theoretical validation tool. This platform has been chosen over a DSP implementation due to the economic cost of DSP boards. So, it was decided to implement it using Matlab considering the inherent constraints in a DSP board. Project's main objective is to validate this system by having a simulation at a sample level which has no memory constraints. The next step would be to implement this in DSP boards; however this is beyond the scope of this project. A system has been designed that can process data with few resources in Matlab environment. The system developed is highly configurable using some input parameters. The transmitter consists of several modules that are invariant which are encoder, modulator, spreader, zero padder, pulse shaper and converter. These chained modules generate each user transmitted signal. Once these transmittersâ signals have been generated, they pass through a slowly fading channel with additive Gaussian noise which models a means of mobile communications. Ultimately the receiver gets all signals and processes them in a series of independent modules consisting of a low pass filter, downconverter, matched filter, synchronizer, downsampler, equalizer, despreader, demodulator and decoder. This work can be seen in the â Resultsâ section where there are screens of the signal in each of the phases followed by a brief justification

Interference cancellation for shot-code DS-CDMA in the presence of channel fading

Interference from other adjacent users in wireless applications is a major problem in direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA). This is also known as the near-far problem where a strong signal from one user interferes with other users. The current approach to deal with the near-far problem in DS-CDMA systems is to use strict transmitter power control. An alternative approach is to use near-far resistant receivers. The practical near-far resistance receiver structure is the adaptive decorrelating detectors since it avoids complex matrix inversion. The existing CDMA standard known as IS-95 uses a long signature code sequence. However for simplicity, the adaptive multi-user receiver uses short signature code sequence. The problem is that adaptive receivers lose near-far resistance as the number of users increases in the system. This thesis describes a novel method of multistage decision feedback cancellation (DFC) scheme immune from the near-far problem. The performance of the new DFC structure is constructed using three different adaptive algorithms: the least mean squared (LMS), the recursive least squared (RLS) and the linearly constraint constant modulus (LCCM) adaptive algorithms. It is found that LMS adaptive algorithm provides the best result considering its simple hardware complexity. It is also found that the LMS adaptive receiver along with the DFC structure provides a better bit synchronization capability to the over all system. Since the receiver is near-far resistant, the LMS adaptive receiver along with the decision feedback cancellation structure also performs better in the presence of Rayleigh fading

Frequency Domain Independent Component Analysis Applied To Wireless Communications Over Frequency-selective Channels

In wireless communications, frequency-selective fading is a major source of impairment for wireless communications. In this research, a novel Frequency-Domain Independent Component Analysis (ICA-F) approach is proposed to blindly separate and deconvolve signals traveling through frequency-selective, slow fading channels. Compared with existing time-domain approaches, the ICA-F is computationally efficient and possesses fast convergence properties. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed ICA-F. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems are widely used in wireless communications nowadays. However, OFDM systems are very sensitive to Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO). Thus, an accurate CFO compensation technique is required in order to achieve acceptable performance. In this dissertation, two novel blind approaches are proposed to estimate and compensate for CFO within the range of half subcarrier spacing: a Maximum Likelihood CFO Correction approach (ML-CFOC), and a high-performance, low-computation Blind CFO Estimator (BCFOE). The Bit Error Rate (BER) improvement of the ML-CFOC is achieved at the expense of a modest increase in the computational requirements without sacrificing the system bandwidth or increasing the hardware complexity. The BCFOE outperforms the existing blind CFO estimator [25, 128], referred to as the YG-CFO estimator, in terms of BER and Mean Square Error (MSE), without increasing the computational complexity, sacrificing the system bandwidth, or increasing the hardware complexity. While both proposed techniques outperform the YG-CFO estimator, the BCFOE is better than the ML-CFOC technique. Extensive simulation results illustrate the performance of the ML-CFOC and BCFOE approaches