3,838 research outputs found
ICROFS news 1/2010 - newsletter from ICROFS
Contents:
- CORE Organic II kick-off meeting
- Organic Agriculture: New journal calls for papers
- PhD defense on meta-analysis of variety mixtures
- Strip cropping system for sustainable food/energy production
- OA systems benefit biodiversity and natural pest regulation
- A pro-poor model for smallholder inclusion in developing countries
- Brief news on congresses and publication
A technical framework to describe occupant behavior for building energy simulations
ABSTRACT Green buildings that fail to meet expected design performance criteria indicate that technology alone does not guarantee high performance. Human influences are quite often simplified and ignored in the design, construction, and operation of buildings. Energy-conscious human behavior has been demonstrated to be a significant positive factor for improving the indoor environment while reducing the energy use of buildings. In our study we developed a new technical framework to describe energyrelated human behavior in buildings. The energy-related behavior includes accounting for individuals and groups of occupants and their interactions with building energy services systems, appliances and facilities. The technical framework consists of four key components: i. the drivers behind energy-related occupant behavior, which are biological, societal, environmental, physical, and economical in nature ii. the needs of the occupants are based on satisfying criteria that are either physical (e.g. thermal, visual and acoustic comfort) or non-physical (e.g. entertainment, privacy, and social reward) iii. the actions that building occupants perform when their needs are not fulfilled iv. the systems with which an occupant can interact to satisfy their needs The technical framework aims to provide a standardized description of a complete set of human energyrelated behaviors in the form of an XML schema. For each type of behavior (e.g., occupants opening/closing windows, switching on/off lights etc.) we identify a set of common behaviors based on a literature review, survey data, and our own field study and analysis. Stochastic models are adopted or developed for each type of behavior to enable the evaluation of the impact of human behavior on energy use in buildings, during either the design or operation phase. We will also demonstrate the use of the technical framework in assessing the impact of occupancy behavior on energy saving technologies. The technical framework presented is part of our human behavior research, a 5-year program under the
Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus January population censuses for Northwest Mainland Europe, 1995-2015
Internationally coordinated censuses of Whooper Swans Cygnus cygnus across continental northwest Europe were undertaken in mid-winter 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015. The estimate of 138,500 birds in 2015, the highest to date, represented a more than doubling of the population size (at an annual increase of 4.1%) since the first census total of 59,000 swans in 1995. The largest increase was in Denmark, where numbers almost trebled from 21,740 in 1995 to 62,620 in 2015. More than 97% of all swans were counted in just six countries. The percentage of total numbers increased significantly between 1995 and 2015 in Denmark (from 36.5% to 45.2%) and Germany (26.0% to 34.7%), but declined significantly in Sweden (14.2% to 8.4%), Norway (13.1% to 3.6%), Poland (6.2% to 4.0%) and the Netherlands (2.4% to 1.7%). The counts show an increasing discrepancy between national trends in abundance for Whooper Swans in Sweden and especially in Denmark in comparison with results obtained only from mid-winter International Waterbird Count (IWC) site coverage. This demonstrates the increasing tendency for Whooper Swans to winter in areas away from traditionally counted IWC sites and confirms the continued need for a regular cycle of coordinated dedicated swan counts to anchor population trends generated from other data sources.Peer reviewe
ENVIE Co-ordination action on indoor air quality and health effects; WP3 Final report â Characterisation of spaces and source
Human exposure to environmental pollutants occurs via various pathways. For many
pollutants, especially the volatile ones, air exposure is the dominant pathway.
Exposure via air occurs both outdoors and indoors, with diverse types of indoor
spaces playing a role, e.g., home, workplace, and passenger cabins of means of
transportation. In average people spend over 90% of their time indoors, that
percentage being particularly high for some specific groups as new-born,
elderly, disabled or sick people. The global exposure to air contaminants is
therefore drastically determined by indoor conditions. It is now well
established that indoor air pollution contributes significantly to the global
burden of disease of the population. For a majority of indoor air contaminants,
particularly in the presence of common indoor sources, however, indoor
concentrations usually exceed outdoor concentrations, for some pollutants even
with an indoor/outdoor ratio of 10 or 20. Emissions are identified, accordingly
to the EnVIE approach and grouped into four categories: building materials and
related sources, including dampness and moulds; ventilation, natural and
mechanical, including, or not, heating, cooling and humidification/
dehumidification; consumer products, furnishing, cleaning and household
products; and occupant activities. Emission of chemical substances from
construction materials and products in buildings to the indoor air have been
reported and reviewed for a wide range of substances, including those formed
during secondary reactions, causing complaints of irritation and odour. During
the last two decades there has been increasing advances in construction
technology that have caused a much greater use of synthetic building materials.
Whilst these improvements have led to more comfortable buildings, they also
provide indoor environments with contaminants in higher concentrations than are
found outside. Wood and cork are now frequently used as a building product for
floor coverings, because the material is often regarded as ânaturalâ and
âhealthyâ. However, industrial products, even based on natural raw materials,
may contain a number of artificial ingredients and the chemical emissions will
strongly depend on the type of additives and the manufacturing process. Modern
interior paints are usually based on a polymeric binder. In order to fulfil
requirements on e.g., durability, paint contains various functional chemicals.
Water-borne paints usually also contains small amounts of approved biocides.
Polymeric binders with a very low content of residual monomers have been
developed for paint. Besides the release of substances to the indoor air due to
primary emission, damp building materials may give rise to volatile substances
formed during secondary reactions. Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are
now receiving much more attention than heretofore. The HVAC (Heating,
Ventilation and Air Conditioning) systems as providers, among others, of
services of cleaning and dilution of pollutants in the indoor air are also
recognized as potential pollution sources. Several studies have shown that the
prevalence of SBS symptoms is often higher in air conditioned buildings than in
buildings with natural ventilation. 8 The outdoor air introduced indoors through
either ventilation systems or natural means is also an important and not always
controllable source for the intake of some outdoor pollutants. Outdoor air used
for ventilation may also be source of pollution containing particulate matter,
particulates of biological origin (microorganisms, pollen, etc.) and various
gases like NOx and O building structures which is a driving force for the
airflows which will transport to indoors water vapour and gaseous or particulate
contaminants. Volatile organic compounds are emitted from a wide variety of
household and consumer products with emission rates that are strongly dependent
on the type of application and are distributed over several orders of magnitude.
A number of product classes are identified and information on ingredients and
available data on emissions from individual products are presented. Human
activities and the associated use of products encompass a wide range of indoor
sources involving release of inorganic gases, particles and organic compounds as
a consequence of the activity. For some releases such as with air fresheners the
release is a necessary part of the activity to achieve the intended effect
whereas for others, such as the release of combustion fumes from a gas
appliance, the purpose of the action (in this case generation of heat) is
different from the emission. Combustion processes are an important source of a
range of air pollutants as carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide,
particulates and associated inorganic and organic chemicals, organic vapours
e.g. formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and benzene. Sources of these are present in
both ambient and indoor environments. The concentrations present in the ambient
air provide a baseline for the level of pollutant found indoors as this air
enters indoors by processes of infiltration and ventilation. However, the
concentration indoors will be modified by processes of sorption to surfaces and
chemical reaction depending on the chemical and physical properties of the
pollutant and internal surfaces. People themselves are a source of emissions of
chemicals and gases, notably CO range of organic compounds that are referred to
as body odours. The removal of such body odours is a prime objective of
ventilation in order to achieve a satisfactory indoor environment. WP3 aims at
to characterize spaces and sources in order to understand where and how to act
to guarantee good IAQ. From the two strategies for good IAQ, source control and
ventilation, the precautionary principle suggests that first priority shall be
given to source control, avoiding, mitigating or simply managing sources of
emissions. An overview of all policies on IAQ or related to IAQ, existing or in
preparation, directly related to indoor air sources, but also covering outdoor
air and industrial emissions, which could affect indirectly IAQ is made.
Considering the presented it could be concluded that IAQ is yet poorly regulated
at EU level, and in view of that some recommendations are made. The
recommendations on policies have taken into account the existing related to IAQ
policies such as new EU policies on chemicals (REACH; 2006/121/EC), consumer
products (GPSD; 2001/95/EC), construction products (CPD; 89/106/EC) and energy
performance of buildings (EPBD; 2002/91/EC) all refer to IAQ issues - suggesting
that they could, and probably should, contribute to IAQ policy development and
advocate an integrative and comprehensive policy approach centred
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