ヒガシニホン ダイシンサイ カラ ノ ノウギョウ フッコウ ニ オケル キギョウ ニ ヨル シエン ニ カンスル ケンキュウ

本研究は,共助の一員である企業が公助,自助の活動と連携しつつ,農業復興を支援する主体と認知されることを目標としている。本論文はこの研究の初期的な取り組みとして,東日本大震災からの農業復興における企業の支援事例の相当程度の存在を確認するとともに,その特性解析を行うことを目的としている。 その結果,第一に,農業分野の震災復興において企業支援の事例が2次情報からのみでも30以上確認された。支援形態として,当該企業による直接支援とNPO法人などを介した間接支援があること,さらに直接支援には企業単独のものと複数社が連携しているものがあることがわかった。支援内容も農業経営,流通販売など事業に参画するものや,人・物・金・情報などの経営資源の提供など多様な内容であることもわかった。第二に,支援する側の企業の特性や考え方から企業の支援活動は4つのパターンに類型化することができた。こうした類型化の考え方を活用することで,今後東日本大震災級の大規模災害が発生した際に,より多くの企業が迅速かつ的確な支援を行うことが可能となると考えられる。第三に,企業による農業復興支援の特性として,企業活動と直結させている企業とあえて切り離している企業があることがわかった。これは,復興活動と営業活動との境界があいまいになりがちであるため,復興支援に名を借りた営業活動と受け取られることで企業イメージダウンなどのマイナス面の可能性も秘めていることなどが背景にあると推察された。 企業による農業復興支援のパターンや特性が明らかになることで,企業は支援の姿勢をより明確化して地域側やステークホルダーに説明するとともに,行政や地域側では企業支援をより的確に理解できるようになり,迅速かつ効果的な支援を生み出しやすくなると思われる。The ultimate goal of this research is to show that corporations─which participate in mutual-help activities─can help achieve faster and more appropriate reconstruction in the area of agriculture by utilizing their capabilities and working in cooperation with those engaged in self-help and public-help activities, and to have them recognized as such. As a preliminary step of the research, this article aims to ascertain the existences of a considerable number of cases of corporate support initiatives in the ongoing post-disaster agricultural reconstruction following the Great East Japan Earthquake and to analyze the characteristics of those initiatives. From this research, the following findings and implications have been obtained : First, the fact that more than 30 cases of corporate support initiatives for agriculture have been found solely based on secondary information. Based on support style, corporate support initiative can be classified into direct support, in which corporations provide support directly to their targeted recipients, and indirect support provided through intermediary agencies such as NPOs. And those defined as direct support can be further classified into those provided on a stand-alone basis and those involving multiple corporations. Corporate support initiatives are diverse in content, ranging from those involving participation in farming operations, the distribution and marketing of farm products, etc. to the provision of business resources such as people, goods, funds, and information. Second, corporate support initiatives can be typologically classified into four patterns based on the attributes of corporations and the underlying ideas of support. It is believed that the utilization of this concept of typology will enable more corporations to provide precise and expeditious support in the event of a large-scale natural disaster comparable to the Great East Japan Earthquake. Third, while many corporations provide support directly linked to their business activities, many others separate their support initiatives from their business activities. It is inferred that one reason behind this is the possibility of negative outcome of business-related support initiatives such as having corporate image undermined by being perceived to be engaging in sales promotion under the disguise of reconstruction support─which is a real danger because the line dividing reconstruction support activities and sales activities tends to blur. When different patterns of corporate support initiatives are identified and their respective characteristics and differences are clearly understood, corporations will be able to clearly explain their support stance to their targeted local communities in affected areas as well as to other stakeholders, while those on the receiving side─local governments, businesses, residents, etc.─will be able to have a more precise and accurate understanding of such initiatives. It is believed that all this will help enable corporations to provide expeditious and effective support

Invisible Reconstruction: Cross-disciplinary responses to natural, biological and man-made disasters

What does it really mean to reconstruct a city after a natural, biological or man-made disaster? Is the repair and reinstatement of buildings and infrastructure sufficient without the mending of social fabric? The authors of this volume believe that the true measure of success should be societal. After all, a city without people is no city at all. Invisible Reconstruction takes the view that effective disaster mitigation and recovery require interdisciplinary tactics. Historian Lucia Patrizio Gunning and urbanist Paola Rizzi expand beyond the confines of individual disciplines or disaster studies to bring together academics and practitioners from a wide variety of disciplines, comparing strategies and outcomes in different scenarios and cultures from South America, Europe and Asia. From cultural heritage and public space to education and participation, contributors reflect on the interconnection of people, culture and environment and on constructive approaches to strengthening the intangible ties to increase resilience and reduce vulnerability. By bringing practical examples of how communities and individuals have reacted to or prepared for disaster, the publication proposes a shift in public policy to ensure that essential physical reinforcement and rebuilding are matched by attention to societal needs. Invisible Reconstruction is essential reading for policymakers, academics and practitioners working to reduce the impact of natural, biological and man-made disaster or to improve post-disaster recovery

Locals, New-locals, Non-locals: (Re)mapping people and food in post-disaster Ishinomaki, Japan

This thesis is an ethnographically informed analysis of the transformations undergone by the practices of consumption, distribution, and discourse production of local seafood after the Great East Japan Disaster of 2011 in the municipality of Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Drawing from data collected during a 12 month fieldwork in Miyagi and Tōkyō, I individuate three classes of actors (locals, new-locals, non-locals) whose activities contribute to the changes in the imagery about seafood and its producers; and two movements: one centrifugal, along which food leaves Ishinomaki to reach Tōkyō, the capital, and one centripetal, followed by visitors and tourists who come to Ishinomaki to experience its food, among the other attractions. In this thesis the study of disasters and their consequences on human society, and the study of food as a fundamental instrument of signification and negotiation of locality, converge to produce a novel interpretative frame through which I look at the transformations of Ishinomaki as a dialogic process that embeds the 2011 disaster in the wider historical perspective of the Japanese Northeast (Tōhoku) as a politically subaltern region. Locals, new-locals and non-locals inscribe in this stratified horizon their values, projects and hopes, creatively re-negotiating the meanings of locality, sociality, and civic subjectivity through seafood such as oysters (kaki), scallops (hotate) and sea-squirts (hoya). This intensive work of inscription, in turn, causes the lives and experiences of individuals to ‘stick’ to the seafood as it circulates, generating a network from which emerges images of young, enterprising fishermen and domestic immigrants, striving against a conservative past in order to build new social spaces out of the tsunami debris

Invisible Reconstruction

What does it really mean to reconstruct a city after a natural, biological or man-made disaster? Is the repair and reinstatement of buildings and infrastructure sufficient without the mending of social fabric? The authors of this volume believe that the true measure of success should be societal. After all, a city without people is no city at all. Invisible Reconstruction takes the view that effective disaster mitigation and recovery require interdisciplinary tactics. Historian Lucia Patrizio Gunning and urbanist Paola Rizzi expand beyond the confines of individual disciplines or disaster studies to bring together academics and practitioners from a wide variety of disciplines, comparing strategies and outcomes in different scenarios and cultures from South America, Europe and Asia. From cultural heritage and public space to education and participation, contributors reflect on the interconnection of people, culture and environment and on constructive approaches to strengthening the intangible ties to increase resilience and reduce vulnerability. By bringing practical examples of how communities and individuals have reacted to or prepared for disaster, the publication proposes a shift in public policy to ensure that essential physical reinforcement and rebuilding are matched by attention to societal needs. Invisible Reconstruction is essential reading for policymakers, academics and practitioners working to reduce the impact of natural, biological and man-made disaster or to improve post-disaster recovery

Invisible Reconstruction

What does it really mean to reconstruct a city after a natural, biological or man-made disaster? Is the repair and reinstatement of buildings and infrastructure sufficient without the mending of social fabric? The authors of this volume believe that the true measure of success should be societal. After all, a city without people is no city at all. Invisible Reconstruction takes the view that effective disaster mitigation and recovery require interdisciplinary tactics. Historian Lucia Patrizio Gunning and urbanist Paola Rizzi expand beyond the confines of individual disciplines or disaster studies to bring together academics and practitioners from a wide variety of disciplines, comparing strategies and outcomes in different scenarios and cultures from South America, Europe and Asia. From cultural heritage and public space to education and participation, contributors reflect on the interconnection of people, culture and environment and on constructive approaches to strengthening the intangible ties to increase resilience and reduce vulnerability. By bringing practical examples of how communities and individuals have reacted to or prepared for disaster, the publication proposes a shift in public policy to ensure that essential physical reinforcement and rebuilding are matched by attention to societal needs. Invisible Reconstruction is essential reading for policymakers, academics and practitioners working to reduce the impact of natural, biological and man-made disaster or to improve post-disaster recovery

Building urban resilience through spatial planning following disasters

It is expected that the changing temperatures and rising sea levels caused through global climate change will result in an aggravation of disaster risks (e.g. from heat stress, storms, flooding, landslides, air pollution, drought and water scarcity), particularly in urban areas (IPCC, 2014). This trend is exaggerated by the continuing trend of urbanization, which is projected to result in 66% of the people worldwide to live in cities in 2050 (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2014, p. 1). It is an important obligation of spatial planners to facilitate that this urban development follows certain standards, including safe housing and the provision of basic utilities and infrastructure as well as adequate health services (PreventionWeb, 2015; United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2014). Resilience is one of the key concepts to address these challenges. If a city is resilient, it is able to “resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions” (UNISDR, 2009, p. 24). The adjustment of existing urban structures is time-consuming and cost-intensive; therefore, a resilient city can most efficiently be achieved when it is first developed (UN-Habitat, 2015) or after a disaster has erased the previously existing city structures (Olshansky, Hopkins, & Johnson, 2012). The time frame after the disaster can be considered as a window of opportunity for planners to build the city back better or – in other words – to build a resilient city. Although the relevance of spatial planners for the construction of resilient cities is obvious, there is little knowledge of spatial planning’s capabilities to achieve this goal so far. Drawing from experiences on the reconstruction process after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami 2011 in Japan’s Miyako City and Ishinomaki City, this dissertation addresses this topic. It explains which of the local spatial planning options can be used to build resilience and how the toolkit of spatial planners can be improved in order to be more efficient to build urban resilience. Even through these spatial planning options differ from country to country and the focus of this work on Japan only enables a limited transferability of the research results, the experiences from Tohoku Region are able to contribute to the ongoing discussion about spatial planning and urban resilience after disasters