315 research outputs found
On M2M Micropayments : A Case Study of Electric Autonomous Vehicles
The proliferation of electric vehicles has spurred the research interest in
technologies associated with it, for instance, batteries, and charging
mechanisms. Moreover, the recent advancements in autonomous cars also encourage
the enabling technologies to integrate and provide holistic applications. To
this end, one key requirement for electric vehicles is to have an efficient,
secure, and scalable infrastructure and framework for charging, billing, and
auditing. However, the current manual charging systems for EVs may not be
applicable to the autonomous cars that demand new, automatic, secure,
efficient, and scalable billing and auditing mechanism. Owing to the
distributed systems such as blockchain technology, in this paper, we propose a
new charging and billing mechanism for electric vehicles that charge their
batteries in a charging-on-the-move fashion. To meet the requirements of
billing in electric vehicles, we leverage distributed ledger technology (DLT),
a distributed peer-to-peer technology for micro-transactions. Our
proof-of-concept implementation of the billing framework demonstrates the
feasibility of such system in electric vehicles. It is also worth noting that
the solution can easily be extended to the electric autonomous cars (EACs)
An architecture for distributed ledger-based M2M auditing for Electric Autonomous Vehicles
Electric Autonomous Vehicles (EAVs) promise to be an effective way to solve
transportation issues such as accidents, emissions and congestion, and aim at
establishing the foundation of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) economy. For this to be
possible, the market should be able to offer appropriate charging services
without involving humans. The state-of-the-art mechanisms of charging and
billing do not meet this requirement, and often impose service fees for value
transactions that may also endanger users and their location privacy. This
paper aims at filling this gap and envisions a new charging architecture and a
billing framework for EAV which would enable M2M transactions via the use of
Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)
Authentication and Billing Scheme for The Electric Vehicles: EVABS
The need for different energy sources has increased due to the decrease in
the amount and the harm caused to the environment by its usage. Today, fossil
fuels used as an energy source in land, sea or air vehicles are rapidly being
replaced by different energy sources. The number and types of vehicles using
energy sources other than fossil fuels are also increasing. Electricity stands
out among the energy sources used. The possibility of generating electricity
that is renewable, compatible with nature and at a lower cost provides a great
advantage. For all these reasons, the use of electric vehicles is increasing
day by day. Various solutions continue to be developed for the charging systems
and post-charge billing processes of these vehicles. As a result of these
solutions, the standards have not yet been fully formed. In this study, an
authentication and billing scheme is proposed for charging and post-charging
billing processes of electric land vehicles keeping security and privacy in the
foreground. This scheme is named EVABS, which derives from the phrase "Electric
Vehicle Authentication and Billing Scheme". An authentication and billing
scheme is proposed where data communication is encrypted, payment transactions
are handled securely and parties can authenticate over wired or wireless. The
security of the proposed scheme has been examined theoretically and it has been
determined that it is secure against known attacks
A Machine to Machine framework for the charging of Electric Autonomous Vehicles
Electric Autonomous Vehicles (EAVs) have gained increasing attention of
industry, governments and scientific communities concerned about issues related
to classic transportation including accidents and casualties, gas emissions and
air pollution, intensive traffic and city viability. One of the aspects,
however, that prevent a broader adoption of this technology is the need for
human interference to charge EAVs, which is still mostly manual and
time-consuming. This study approaches such a problem by introducing the
Inno-EAV, an open-source charging framework for EAVs that employs
machine-to-machine (M2M) distributed communication. The idea behind M2M is to
have networked devices that can interact, exchange information and perform
actions without any manual assistance of humans. The advantages of the Inno-EAV
include the automation of charging processes and the collection of relevant
data that can support better decision making in the spheres of energy
distribution. In this paper, we present the software design of the framework,
the development process, the emphasis on the distributed architecture and the
networked communication, and we discuss the back-end database that is used to
store information about car owners, cars, and charging stations
Blockchain Solutions for Multi-Agent Robotic Systems: Related Work and Open Questions
The possibilities of decentralization and immutability make blockchain
probably one of the most breakthrough and promising technological innovations
in recent years. This paper presents an overview, analysis, and classification
of possible blockchain solutions for practical tasks facing multi-agent robotic
systems. The paper discusses blockchain-based applications that demonstrate how
distributed ledger can be used to extend the existing number of research
platforms and libraries for multi-agent robotic systems.Comment: 5 pages, FRUCT-2019 conference pape
Transforming Energy Networks via Peer to Peer Energy Trading: Potential of Game Theoretic Approaches
Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading has emerged as a next-generation energy
management mechanism for the smart grid that enables each prosumer of the
network to participate in energy trading with one another and the grid. This
poses a significant challenge in terms of modeling the decision-making process
of each participant with conflicting interest and motivating prosumers to
participate in energy trading and to cooperate, if necessary, for achieving
different energy management goals. Therefore, such decision-making process
needs to be built on solid mathematical and signal processing tools that can
ensure an efficient operation of the smart grid. This paper provides an
overview of the use of game theoretic approaches for P2P energy trading as a
feasible and effective means of energy management. As such, we discuss various
games and auction theoretic approaches by following a systematic classification
to provide information on the importance of game theory for smart energy
research. Then, the paper focuses on the P2P energy trading describing its key
features and giving an introduction to an existing P2P testbed. Further, the
paper zooms into the detail of some specific game and auction theoretic models
that have recently been used in P2P energy trading and discusses some important
finding of these schemes.Comment: 38 pages, single column, double spac
A privacy-preserving approach to grid balancing using scheduled electric vehicle charging
The introduction of renewable energy generation (e.g. solar and wind) in the energy distribution infrastructure makes balancing the total energy load and production in the grid more challenging due to the weather-dependent nature of these energy sources. One approach to mitigate the issue is to use weather forecasts to predict the production and then offer incentives to electric vehicle users (EVUs) to charge their vehicles during the times of energy surplus. However, doing this without leaking sensitive information about the EVUs location and identity presents challenges to the system design. This thesis proposes a privacy-preserving architecture that allows the grid operator to offer incentives for contributing to the grid stability, and to reliably and automatically quantify the extent of each contribution while still maintaining the privacy of the EVUs. Furthermore, the architecture enables decentralised privacy-preserving dispute resolution without leaking any personally identifiable information (PII). The architecture fulfils the goal by utilising self-sovereign identity technologies, such as decentralised identifiers (DIDs), and privacy-preserving digital credentials solutions, such as verifiable credentials (VCs). They allow the solution to utilise ephemeral identifiers and to compartmentalise the information into three different knowledge domains to ensure that only the minimum amount of information needed crosses any domain border. An analysis of the solution indicates that the architecture ensures relatively strong privacy guarantees to the EVUs and solves the grid balancing problem while reducing the number of assumptions to the minimum. This makes the architecture applicable to a wide set of use cases in the EV charging field. Future work includes a detailed performance analysis of a proof-of-concept (PoC), although the information available from related research already indicates relatively low latency and a good level of deployability even on resource-constrained Internet-of-things (IoT) devices
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