Mendeteksi Jenis Burung Berdasarkan Pola Suaranya

AbstrakIlmuwan biologi terutama di bidang biodifersitas, terus melakukan penelitian tentang spesies hewan yang ada di dunia. salah satu hewan yang spesiesnya memiliki banyak variasi adalah burung. Tiap jenis burung memiliki perbedaan-perbedaan, mulai dari bentuk anggota tubuhnya, prilakunya, makanannya hingga suaranya. Ilmuwan sering juga mengalami kesulitan untuk melakukan pengamatan di alam. Misalnya, untuk mengetahui spesies burung apa saja yang ada di suatu daerah, mereka harus hadir di suatu wilayah, dan menelusuri setiap pelosok. kadang kala kehadiran mereka di tempat tersebut dalam jangka waktu lama, malah mengusik burung yang ada, dan burung-burung malah pergi meninggalkan tempat, sebelum berhasil diamati. Salah satu cara untuk mendeteksi burung apa saja yang ada di suatu wilayah, tanpa harus mengusik keberadaan burung adalah dengan menggunakan alat bantu. Bisa dengan menggunakan kamera video untuk mengambil gambar lingkungan sekitar, atau dengan perekam suara, untuk merekam suara burung yang ada di sana. Untuk itu penelitian ini ditujukan untuk membuat sebuah pengklasifikasi suara burung secara otomatis. Fitur yang digunakan adalah rhythm, pitch, mean, varian, min, max, dan delta  dari suara burungnya. dari hasil klasifikasi 4 jenis burung, didapatkan hasil rata-rata akurasi terbaik sebesar 88.82%. Kata Kunci : suara burung, klasifikasi, rhythm, pitchAbstractMany of Biologi scientist, especially in the field of biodiversity, conduct research on the animal species that exist in the world. One of the animal which is largely diverse in species is bird. Each species of birds have differences, from the shape of his body, his behavior, his food to it's voice. Scientists often find it difficult to make observations in nature. For example, to determine which species of birds present in an area, they should be present in an area, and explore every corner. sometimes their presence in that place for a long time, even disturb the bird, and they leaving the place, before been observed. One way to detect any bird that is in an area, without having to disturb the presence of birds is to use the automatic tools. For example to use a video camera to take pictures of the surrounding environment, or with voice recorders to record the sound of the birds that were there. This study is aimed to create a classifier bird sound automatically. Features used are rhythm, pitch, mean, variance, min, max, and delta of the bird sound samples. of the results of the classification of four types of birds, showed the best average of accuracy is 88.82%. Key Word : bird song, classification, rhythm, pitch

Bird song recognition based on syllable pair histograms

Bird song can be divided into a sequence of syllabic elements. In this paper we investigate the possibility of bird species recognition based on the syllable pair histogram of the song. This representation compresses the variable-length syllable sequence into a fixed-dimensional feature vector. The histogram is computed by means of Gaussian syllable prototypes which are automatically found given the song data and the dissimilarity measure of syllables. Our representation captures the use of the syllable alphabet and also some temporal structure of the song. We demonstrate the method in bird species recognition with song patterns obtained from fifty individuals belonging to four common passerine bird species.</p

Algorithmic Analysis of Complex Audio Scenes

In this thesis, we examine the problem of algorithmic analysis of complex audio scenes with a special emphasis on natural audio scenes. One of the driving goals behind this work is to develop tools for monitoring the presence of animals in areas of interest based on their vocalisations. This task, which often occurs in the evaluation of nature conservation measures, leads to a number of subproblems in audio scene analysis. In order to develop and evaluate pattern recognition algorithms for animal sounds, a representative collection of such sounds is necessary. Building such a collection is beyond the scope of a single researcher and we therefore use data from the Animal Sound Archive of the Humboldt University of Berlin. Although a large portion of well annotated recordings from this archive has been available in digital form, little infrastructure for searching and sharing this data has been available. We describe a distributed infrastructure for searching, sharing and annotating animal sound collections collaboratively, which we have developed in this context. Although searching animal sound databases by metadata gives good results for many applications, annotating all occurences of a specific sound is beyond the scope of human annotators. Moreover, finding similar vocalisations to that of an example is not feasible by using only metadata. We therefore propose an algorithm for content-based similarity search in animal sound databases. Based on principles of image processing, we develop suitable features for the description of animal sounds. We enhance a concept for content-based multimedia retrieval by a ranking scheme which makes it an efficient tool for similarity search. One of the main sources of complexity in natural audio scenes, and the most difficult problem for pattern recognition, is the large number of sound sources which are active at the same time. We therefore examine methods for source separation based on microphone arrays. In particular, we propose an algorithm for the extraction of simpler components from complex audio scenes based on a sound complexity measure. Finally, we introduce pattern recognition algorithms for the vocalisations of a number of bird species. Some of these species are interesting for reasons of nature conservation, while one of the species serves as a prototype for song birds with strongly structured songs.Algorithmische Analyse Komplexer Audioszenen In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir das Problem der Analyse komplexer Audioszenen mit besonderem Augenmerk auf natürliche Audioszenen. Eine der treibenden Zielsetzungen hinter dieser Arbeit ist es Werkzeuge zu entwickeln, die es erlauben ein auf Lautäußerungen basierendes Monitoring von Tierarten in Zielregionen durchzuführen. Diese Aufgabenstellung, die häufig in der Evaluation von Naturschutzmaßnahmen auftritt, führt zu einer Anzahl von Unterproblemen innerhalb der Audioszenen-Analyse. Eine wichtige Voraussetzung um Mustererkennungs-Algorithmen für Tierstimmen entwickeln zu können, ist die Verfügbarkeit großer Sammlungen von Aufnahmen von Tierstimmen. Eine solche Sammlung aufzubauen liegt jenseits der Möglichkeiten eines einzelnen Forschers und wir verwenden daher Daten des Tierstimmenarchivs der Humboldt Universität Berlin. Obwohl eine große Anzahl gut annotierter Aufnahmen in diesem Archiv in digitaler Form vorlagen, gab es nur wenig unterstützende Infrastruktur um diese Daten durchsuchen und verteilen zu können. Wir beschreiben eine verteilte Infrastruktur, mit deren Hilfe es möglich ist Tierstimmen-Sammlungen zu durchsuchen, sowie gemeinsam zu verwenden und zu annotieren, die wir in diesem Kontext entwickelt haben. Obwohl das Durchsuchen von Tierstimmen-Datenbank anhand von Metadaten für viele Anwendungen gute Ergebnisse liefert, liegt es jenseits der Möglichkeiten menschlicher Annotatoren alle Vorkommen eines bestimmten Geräuschs zu annotieren. Darüber hinaus ist es nicht möglich einem Beispiel ähnlich klingende Geräusche nur anhand von Metadaten zu finden. Deshalb schlagen wir einen Algorithmus zur inhaltsbasierten Ähnlichkeitssuche in Tierstimmen-Datenbanken vor. Ausgehend von Methoden der Bildverarbeitung entwickeln wir geeignete Merkmale für die Beschreibung von Tierstimmen. Wir erweitern ein Konzept zur inhaltsbasierten Multimedia-Suche um ein Ranking-Schema, dass dieses zu einem effizienten Werkzeug für die Ähnlichkeitssuche macht. Eine der grundlegenden Quellen von Komplexität in natürlichen Audioszenen, und das schwierigste Problem für die Mustererkennung, stellt die hohe Anzahl gleichzeitig aktiver Geräuschquellen dar. Deshalb untersuchen wir Methoden zur Quellentrennung, die auf Mikrofon-Arrays basieren. Insbesondere schlagen wir einen Algorithmus zur Extraktion einfacherer Komponenten aus komplexen Audioszenen vor, der auf einem Maß für die Komplexität von Audioaufnahmen beruht. Schließlich führen wir Mustererkennungs-Algorithmen für die Lautäußerungen einer Reihe von Vogelarten ein. Einige dieser Arten sind aus Gründen des Naturschutzes interessant, während eine Art als Prototyp für Singvögel mit stark strukturierten Gesängen dient

Classification and ranking of environmental recordings to facilitate efficient bird surveys

This thesis contributes novel computer-assisted techniques to facilitating bird species surveys from a large number of environmental audio recordings. These techniques are applicable to both manual and automated recognition of bird species by removing irrelevant audio data and prioritising those relevant data for efficient bird species detection. This work also represents a significant step towards using automated techniques to support experts and the general public to explore and gain a better understanding of vocal species

Multi-instance multi-label learning : algorithms and applications to bird bioacoustics

We consider the problem of supervised classification of bird species from audio recordings in a real-world acoustic monitoring scenario (i.e. audio data is collected in the field with an omnidirectional microphone, without human supervision). Obtaining better data about bird activity can assist conservation efforts, and improve our understanding of their interactions with the environment and other organisms. However, traditional observation methods are labor- intensive. Most prior work on machine learning for bird song is not applicable to real-world acoustic monitoring, because it assumes recordings contain only a single species of bird, while recordings typically contain multiple simultaneously vocalizing birds. We propose to use the multi-instance multi-label (MIML) framework in machine learning for the species classification problem, where the dataset is viewed as a collection of bags of instances paired with sets of labels. Furthermore, we formalize MIML instance annotation, where the goal is to predict instance labels while learning only from bag label sets. We develop the first MIML representation for audio, and several new algorithms for MIML instance annotation based on support vector machines or classifier chains. The proposed methods classify either the set of species present in a recording, or individual calls, while learning only from recordings paired with a set of species. This form of training data requires less human effort to obtain than individually labeled calls. These methods are successfully applied to audio collected in the field which included multiple simultaneously vocalizing species. The proposed algorithms for MIML classification are general, and are also applied to object recognition in images