Effects of Fungi on The Spoilage and Nutritional Composition of Coconuts (Cocus nucifera) Harvested in Yenagoa Local Government Area and Its Relative Health Implications

Background and Objective: Fungal inversion of coconut endosperm is a factor that grossly reduces the economic, consumption value and the proximate composition of the coconut meat. The proximate composition of fresh and spoilt coconut endosperm and the most pathogenic fungi associated with the spoilage of coconut endosperm were evaluated in this study. Materials: Three mature fresh Coconut fruits were harvested from a subsistence coconut farm in Yenagoa city. Result: This study revealed that the proximate content of protein (9.80±0.02), lipids (38.75±0.02) and dry matter (92.72±0.02) in the fresh coconut are higher than the proximate content of protein (8.75±0.02), lipids (36.84±1.16) and dry matter (92.18±0.02) of the spoilt coconut endosperm. Minerals such as Ca (2.74±0.01), Mg (3.68±0.02), Na (3.75±0.02), K (6.76±0.02), Mn (0.250±0.002), Cu (0.58±0.02), Zn (5.85±0.02) and PO4 (2.56 ±0.02) in the fresh coconut endosperm are higher than Ca (2.72±0.02), Mg (3.66±0.02), Na (3.57±0.02), K (6.72±0.02), Mn (0.244±0.002), Cu (0.54±0.02), Zn (5.77±0.03) and PO4 (2.48±0.02) of the spoiled coconut endosperm. A significant difference between the proximate composition of fresh and spoiled coconut endosperm was observed. The endosperm (meat) of the coconuts were heavily invaded and decayed by a variety of fungi within 24 hours after cracking the shell and exposing the meats to open air. Fungal growth observed after exposure to open air are: Mucor, Rhizopus, Aspergillus and Penicillium. Conclusion: With the present of Aspergillus and penicillium in the samples evaluated in the laboratory, it implies that there are health implications associated with the consumption of spoilt coconut meat

Pension Insurance Data Book 1999 - Graphic Supplement

1999databook_supplement.pdf: 26 downloads, before Oct. 1, 2020

Pension Insurance Data Book 2002

[Excerpt] The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) was established by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 to ensure that participants in defined benefit pension plans receive their pensions if their plans terminate without sufficient assets to pay promised benefits. PBGC administers separate insurance programs to protect participants in single-employer and multiemployer plans. PBGC has published the Pension Insurance Data Book annually since 1996 to present detailed statistics on PBGC program operations and benefit protection. In addition to tabular presentations of current and historical data on PBGC’s single-employer and multiemployer pension insurance programs, this edition features two brief discussions. The first describes how the terminations of the plans of two large steel companies after the end of PBGC’s 2002 fiscal year will impact the size and distribution of claims against PBGC. The second describes the current distribution of PBGC-insured hybrid pension plans. This edition also contains graphs illustrating selected current data and trends in PBGC operations and in the U.S. private pension universe insured by PBGC. The publication date for this edition was advanced by several months. As a consequence, data for several tables (S-18, S-20, S-21, S-22, and M-6) whose source is PBGC’s premium filings are not yet available. This edition contains updated 2001 data for these tables. Once the 2002 data are available, we will revise these tables on PBGC’s Web site: www.pbgc.gov/publications/databook

Pension Insurance Data Book 1998

[Excerpt] The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) was established by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 to ensure that participants in defined benefit plans receive their pensions even if their plans terminate without sufficient assets to pay promised benefits. Separate insurance programs protect participants in single-employer and multiemployer plans. PBGC has published the Pension Insurance Data Book annually since 1996 to present detailed statistics on PBGC operations and benefit protection. For the first time, the Data Book 1998 includes data on the PBGC multiemployer pension insurance program as well as updates of the single-employer data presented previously. In addition to tabular presentations of current and historical data, this edition features two articles on critical topics for the future of PBGC. The first article focuses on trends in retirement plan choice in the private sector, particularly the shift away from defined benefit plans, which are insured by PBGC, and the reasons behind this change. The second article describes the Pension Insurance Modeling System (PIMS), an advanced simulation model designed to improve the accuracy of PBGC’s estimation of its risk and exposure. We have included in Appendix S all the tables from last year’s edition relating to PBGC’s single-employer program, but rearranged them into subject categories to make it easier for the reader. Because this represents a change in the ordering of tables from previous years, we have provided an index relating each table to its respective table number in prior editions at the back of the book. We have also, for the first time, included tables of multiemployer data in Appendix M

Pension Insurance Data Book 2001

[Excerpt] The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) was established by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 to ensure that participants in defined benefit pension plans receive their pensions if their plans terminate without sufficient assets to pay promised benefits. PBGC administers separate insurance programs to protect participants in single-employer and multiemployer plans. PBGC has published the Pension Insurance Data Book annually since 1996 to present detailed statistics on PBGC program operations and benefit protection. In addition to tabular presentations of current and historical data on PBGC’s single-employer and multiemployer pension insurance programs, this edition features graphics illustrating selected current data and trends in PBGC operations and in the U.S. private pension universe insured by PBGC. A number of tables in this Data Book are based on data from the 1999 Form 5500. Problems with the processing of these forms resulted in incomplete data. When data were missing, we substituted data from the 1998 Form 5500

Pension Insurance Data Book 2003

[Excerpt] The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) was established by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 to ensure that participants in defined benefit pension plans receive their pensions if their plans terminate without sufficient assets to pay promised benefits. PBGC administers separate insurance programs to protect participants in single-employer and multiemployer plans. PBGC has published the Pension Insurance Data Book annually since 1996 to present detailed statistics on PBGC program operations and benefit protection. This edition of the Pension Insurance Data Book has been expanded and the order of the tables has been revised. Tables related to PBGC’s claims experience have been added to provide more historical data on the number and size of claims by the year the plans terminated, the funding levels in the plans at termination, and the size of the plans at termination. Tables related to people receiving benefits from PBGC have also been added to provide payment data separately for retired participants and beneficiaries of deceased participants. A “table listing key” at the end of this book will assist those familiar with the table numbers in older editions of the Pension Insurance Data Book in finding the relevant table(s) in this edition. The Data Book tables are available in electronic form on PBGC’s Web site at www.pbgc.gov/publications/databook

Pension Insurance Data Book 2004

[Excerpt] The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) was established by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 to ensure that participants in defined benefit pension plans receive their pensions if their plans terminate without sufficient assets to pay promised benefits. PBGC administers separate insurance programs to protect participants in single-employer and multiemployer plans. PBGC has published the Pension Insurance Data Book annually since 1996 to present detailed statistics on PBGC program operations and benefit protection. This edition of the Pension Insurance Data Book has been expanded and the order of the tables has been slightly revised. Tables related to the growing number of plans using hybrid benefit formulas have been added to provide more data on this significant trend in retirement benefits. A “table listing key” at the end of this book will assist those familiar with the table numbers in the 2003 edition of the Pension Insurance Data Book in finding the relevant table(s) in this edition. The Data Book tables are available in electronic form on PBGC’s Web site at www.pbgc.gov/publications/databook

Pension Insurance Data Book 2007

[Excerpt] The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) was established by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) to ensure that participants in defined benefit pension plans receive their pensions if their plans terminate without sufficient assets to pay promised benefits. PBGC administers separate insurance programs to protect participants in single-employer and multiemployer plans. PBGC has published the Pension Insurance Data Book annually since 1996 to present detailed statistics on PBGC program operations and benefit protections. This edition of the Pension Insurance Data Book contains one short article that describes the characteristics of PBGC-insured plans that completed a standard termination during Fiscal Year 2007. The Data Book is available on the PBGC’s Web site at: www.pbgc.gov/publications/databook

Pension Insurance Data Book 2009

[Excerpt] The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) was established by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) to ensure that participants in defined benefit pension plans receive their pensions if their plans terminate without sufficient assets to pay promised benefits. The PBGC administers separate insurance programs to protect participants in single-employer and multiemployer plans. The PBGC has published the Pension Insurance Data Book annually since 1996 to present detailed statistics on PBGC program operations and benefit protections. This edition of the Pension Insurance Data Book contains one short article describing the characteristics of PBGC’s Multiemployer Insurance Program. The tables in this Data Book have been updated to reflect the most recent data available

2008 Annual Report

[Excerpt] The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC or the Corporation) is a federal corporation established under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) of 1974, as amended. It currently guarantees payment of basic pension benefits earned by nearly 44 million American workers and retirees participating in more than 29,000 private-sector defined benefit pension plans. The Corporation receives no funds from general tax revenues. Operations are financed largely by insurance premiums paid by companies that sponsor defined benefit pension plans and by investment income and assets from terminated plans. The following constitutes PBGC’s Annual Management Report for fiscal year 2008, as required under OMB Circular No. A-136 and A-11, Section 230-1