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    A Study on Image Registration between High Resolution Optical and SAR Images Using SAR-SIFT and DLSS

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : κ³΅κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ κ±΄μ„€ν™˜κ²½κ³΅ν•™λΆ€, 2018. 8. κΉ€μš©μΌ.졜근 μœ„μ„±μ„Όμ„œ 기술의 λ°œλ‹¬λ‘œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ„Όμ„œλ₯Ό νƒ‘μž¬ν•œ μ§€κ΅¬κ΄€μΈ‘μœ„μ„±μ΄ λ°œμ‚¬λ˜λ©΄μ„œ, λ‹€μ€‘μ„Όμ„œ μœ„μ„±μ˜μƒμ„ μœ΅ν•© λΆ„μ„ν•˜λŠ” 연ꡬ가 ν™œλ°œνžˆ μ§„ν–‰λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 특히, κ΄‘ν•™μ˜μƒκ³Ό SARμ˜μƒμ€ μ·¨κΈ‰ν•˜λŠ” 파μž₯λŒ€κ°€ 달라 λ™μ‹œμ— ν™œμš©ν•  경우 μ§€ν‘œλ©΄μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 보닀 ꡬ체적인 정보λ₯Ό 취득할 수 있으며, 더 λ‚˜μ•„κ°€, 객체 μΆ”μΆœ, 변화탐지, μž¬λ‚œμž¬ν•΄ λͺ¨λ‹ˆν„°λ§ λ“± 원격탐사 뢄야에 ν­λ„“κ²Œ 적용이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ „μ²˜λ¦¬ μž‘μ—…μœΌλ‘œ 두 μ˜μƒ κ°„ 정합이 ν•„μˆ˜μ μœΌλ‘œ 이루어져야 ν•œλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, κ΄‘ν•™μ˜μƒκ³Ό SARμ˜μƒμ€ μ˜μƒ μ·¨λ“μ‹œ μœ„μ„±μ„Όμ„œ μžμ„Έ 및 μ·¨κΈ‰ν•˜λŠ” 파μž₯λŒ€μ˜ μƒμ΄ν•¨μœΌλ‘œ κΈ°ν•˜ 및 λΆ„κ΄‘ 정보 차이λ₯Ό μœ λ°œν•˜μ—¬ μ˜μƒ 정합에 μžˆμ–΄ μœ λ… 어렀움이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ°¨μ΄λŠ” 건물이 λ°€μ§‘λœ λ„μ‹¬μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ λΆ€κ°λ˜λ©°, 쀑·저해상도 μ˜μƒλ³΄λ‹€ 고해상도 μ˜μƒμ—μ„œ λ‘λ“œλŸ¬μ§„λ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 도심지역에 λŒ€ν•œ 고해상도 κ΄‘ν•™μ˜μƒκ³Ό SARμ˜μƒ κ°„ 정합에 효과적인 방법둠을 μ œμ•ˆν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κΈ°μ‘΄ κ΄‘ν•™μ˜μƒκ³Ό SARμ˜μƒ κ°„ μ •ν•© κ΄€λ ¨ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 크게 νŠΉμ§•κΈ°λ°˜ 정합기법과 κ°•λ„κΈ°λ°˜ μ •ν•©κΈ°λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. κ°•λ„κΈ°λ°˜ 정합기법은 λΆ„κ΄‘ νŠΉμ„±μ΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ˜μƒ κ°„ 정합에 νš¨κ³Όμ μ΄λ‚˜, μ˜μƒ κ°„ μ™œκ³‘μ΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ±°λ‚˜ κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ  μœ„μΉ˜ 차이가 적을 λ•Œμ—λ§Œ 적용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€. 고해상도 κ΄‘ν•™μ˜μƒκ³Ό SARμ˜μƒμ€ 지역적 μ™œκ³‘μ΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λ©°, 두 μ˜μƒ κ°„ μˆ˜μ‹­m μ΄μƒμ˜ κΈ°ν•˜ν•™μ  μœ„μΉ˜ 차이가 λ°œμƒν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ, 고해상도 κ΄‘ν•™μ˜μƒκ³Ό SARμ˜μƒ κ°„ μ •ν•© μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” κ°•λ„κΈ°λ°˜ 정합기법 보닀 νŠΉμ§•κΈ°λ°˜ 정합기법이 μ€‘μ μ μœΌλ‘œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, νŠΉμ§•κΈ°λ°˜ 정합기법은 λΆ„κ΄‘ νŠΉμ„±μ΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ κ΄‘ν•™μ˜μƒκ³Ό SARμ˜μƒμ—μ„œ μ˜€μ •ν•©μŒμ„ λ‹€μˆ˜ μΆ”μΆœν•˜μ—¬ μ •ν•© μ„±λŠ₯이 떨어진닀. 이λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄, κ°•λ„κΈ°λ°˜ 정합기법과 νŠΉμ§•κΈ°λ°˜ 정합기법을 κ²°ν•©ν•œ 기법듀이 μ œμ•ˆλ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ‚˜, λ„μ‹¬μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ 원 ν˜•μƒμ΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” μ§€μ—­μ΄λ‚˜ 건물밀집지역을 μ œμ™Έν•œ 지역 λ“±κ³Ό 같이 μ œν•œλœ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œλ§Œ 적용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” ν•œκ³„μ μ„ λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό κ°œμ„ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” νŠΉμ§•κΈ°λ°˜ 정합기법인 SAR-SIFT 기법과 κ°•λ„κΈ°λ°˜ 정합기법인 DLSS 기법을 κ²°ν•©ν•œ 정합기법을 μ œμ•ˆν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, μ •ν•©μŒμ„ μΆ”μΆœν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄, μ „μ²˜λ¦¬ 단계, 후보 μ •ν•©μŒ μΆ”μΆœ 단계, μ •λ°€ μ •ν•©μŒ μΆ”μΆœ 단계인 총 μ„Έ 단계λ₯Ό μΆ”κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 고해상도 κ΄‘ν•™μ˜μƒκ³Ό SARμ˜μƒ κ°„ 정합을 μœ„ν•΄μ„œ, SAR-SIFT 기법을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ νŠΉμ§•μ μ„ μΆ”μΆœν•˜κ³ , μΆ”μΆœλœ νŠΉμ§•μ μ—μ„œ DLSS 기법을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ •ν•©μŒμ„ μΆ”μΆœν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, μΆ”μΆœλœ μ •ν•©μŒμ— λ‹€μˆ˜μ˜ μ˜€μ •ν•©μŒμ΄ ν¬ν•¨λ˜λŠ” 문제점이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄, μΆ”μΆœλœ μ •ν•©μŒμ—μ„œ μž„κ³„μΉ˜μ™€ νŠΉμ§•μ  κ°„ λ³€μœ„λŸ‰μ„ μ΄μš©ν•œ μ „μ²˜λ¦¬ 단계와 후보 μ •ν•©μŒ μΆ”μΆœ 단계λ₯Ό 톡해 후보 μ •ν•©μŒμ„ μΆ”μΆœν•˜κ³ , 후보 μ •ν•©μŒμ— RANSAC 기법을 μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ •λ°€ μ •ν•©μŒμ„ μΆ”μΆœν•˜λŠ” 방법을 μ œμ•ˆν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΅œμ’…μ μœΌλ‘œ μΆ”μΆœλœ μ •λ°€ μ •ν•©μŒμ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ–΄ν•€ λ³€ν™˜μ‹(affine transformation)을 κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜κ³ , 이λ₯Ό μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬ κ΄‘ν•™μ˜μƒμ— μ •ν•©λœ SARμ˜μƒμ„ μƒμ„±ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 정확도λ₯Ό κ²€μ¦ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬, λŒ€ν‘œμ μΈ 고해상도 κ΄‘ν•™μ˜μƒμΈ KOMPSAT-2μ˜μƒκ³Ό 고해상도 SARμ˜μƒμΈ TerraSAR-X, Cosmo-SkyMedμ˜μƒμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , μ‹œκ°μ , μ •λŸ‰μ  평가λ₯Ό μ§„ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ‹œκ°μ  평가λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄μ„œ λͺ¨μžμ΄ν¬ μ˜μƒμ„ μƒμ„±ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 두 μ˜μƒ κ°„ κ²½κ³„μ—μ„œ 객체의 ν˜•μƒμ΄ μœ μ§€λ¨μ„ 톡해 정합이 μš°μˆ˜ν•˜κ²Œ μˆ˜ν–‰λ¨μ„ ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ •λŸ‰μ  평가λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄μ„œ μˆ˜λ™ 검사점을 ν†΅ν•œ RMSE β… κ³Ό ꡐ차검증을 ν†΅ν•œ RMSE β…‘λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, λͺ¨λ“  μ‹€ν—˜μ§€μ—­μ— λŒ€ν•΄ RMSE Ⅰ은 1.51mμ—μ„œ 2.04m, RMSE β…‘λŠ” 1.34mμ—μ„œ 1.69m둜 정확도가 λ„μΆœλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ΄λŠ”, 선행연ꡬ결과와 λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ˜€μ„ λ•Œ μš°μˆ˜ν•œ μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ μ •ν™•λ„λ‘œ ν™•μΈλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό 톡해, μ œμ•ˆ 기법이 고해상도 κ΄‘ν•™μ˜μƒκ³Ό SARμ˜μƒ κ°„ 정합에 효과적이며, 두 μ˜μƒ κ°„ μœ΅ν•© 뢄석을 μœ„ν•΄ 효과적인 μ •ν•© 기술둜 ν™œμš©λ  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬λ£Œλœλ‹€.1. μ„œ λ‘  1 1.1 연ꡬ배경 1 1.2 연ꡬ동ν–₯ 4 1.3 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ  및 λ²”μœ„ 7 2. νŠΉμ§•μ  μΆ”μΆœ 10 2.1 μ˜μƒ μ „μ²˜λ¦¬ 10 2.2 SAR-SIFT 기법을 ν†΅ν•œ νŠΉμ§•μ  μΆ”μΆœ 11 2.2.1. SIFT κΈ°λ²•μ˜ 문제점 11 2.2.2. SAR-SIFT 기법 15 3. μ •ν•©μŒ μΆ”μΆœ 18 3.1 DLSS 기법을 ν†΅ν•œ μ •ν•©μŒ μΆ”μΆœ 18 3.1.1. ν˜•μƒ μ„œμˆ μž LSS 19 3.1.2. ν˜•μƒ μ„œμˆ μž 벑터 DLSS 21 3.1.3. DLSS κΈ°λ²•μ˜ 문제점 22 3.2 μ œμ•ˆλœ μ •ν•©μŒ μΆ”μΆœ 방법 24 3.2.1. μ „μ²˜λ¦¬ 단계 24 3.2.2. 후보 μ •ν•©μŒ μΆ”μΆœ 단계 26 3.2.3. μ •λ°€ μ •ν•©μŒ μΆ”μΆœ 단계 28 3.3 μ •ν•© 및 정확도 평가 방법 29 3.3.1. μ–΄ν•€ λ³€ν™˜μ‹ 29 3.3.2. 정확도 평가 방법 31 4. μ‹€ν—˜μ˜ 적용 및 평가 32 4.1 μ‹€ν—˜μ§€μ—­ 및 자료 32 4.2 νŠΉμ§•μ  μΆ”μΆœ κ²°κ³Ό 35 4.2.1. SIFT 기법을 ν†΅ν•œ νŠΉμ§•μ  μΆ”μΆœ κ²°κ³Ό 35 4.2.2. SAR-SIFT 기법을 ν†΅ν•œ νŠΉμ§•μ  μΆ”μΆœ κ²°κ³Ό 37 4.3 μ •ν•©μŒ μΆ”μΆœ κ²°κ³Ό 40 4.3.1. κΈ°μ‘΄ 기법을 ν†΅ν•œ μ •ν•©μŒ μΆ”μΆœ κ²°κ³Ό 40 4.3.2. μ œμ•ˆ 기법을 ν†΅ν•œ μ •ν•©μŒ μΆ”μΆœ κ²°κ³Ό 44 4.4 μ •ν•© κ²°κ³Ό 및 평가 49 5. κ²°λ‘  55 Abstract 67Maste

    Multimodal Remote Sensing Image Registration with Accuracy Estimation at Local and Global Scales

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    This paper focuses on potential accuracy of remote sensing images registration. We investigate how this accuracy can be estimated without ground truth available and used to improve registration quality of mono- and multi-modal pair of images. At the local scale of image fragments, the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) on registration error is estimated for each local correspondence between coarsely registered pair of images. This CRLB is defined by local image texture and noise properties. Opposite to the standard approach, where registration accuracy is only evaluated at the output of the registration process, such valuable information is used by us as an additional input knowledge. It greatly helps detecting and discarding outliers and refining the estimation of geometrical transformation model parameters. Based on these ideas, a new area-based registration method called RAE (Registration with Accuracy Estimation) is proposed. In addition to its ability to automatically register very complex multimodal image pairs with high accuracy, the RAE method provides registration accuracy at the global scale as covariance matrix of estimation error of geometrical transformation model parameters or as point-wise registration Standard Deviation. This accuracy does not depend on any ground truth availability and characterizes each pair of registered images individually. Thus, the RAE method can identify image areas for which a predefined registration accuracy is guaranteed. The RAE method is proved successful with reaching subpixel accuracy while registering eight complex mono/multimodal and multitemporal image pairs including optical to optical, optical to radar, optical to Digital Elevation Model (DEM) images and DEM to radar cases. Other methods employed in comparisons fail to provide in a stable manner accurate results on the same test cases.Comment: 48 pages, 8 figures, 5 tables, 51 references Revised arguments in sections 2 and 3. Additional test cases added in Section 4; comparison with the state-of-the-art improved. References added. Conclusions unchanged. Proofrea
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