Coral reef sea cucumbers in Malaysia

This study aims to document species presence and distribution of sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in Malaysia. Several coral reef habitats in Peninsular Malaysia, West Malaysia and Sabah, East Malaysia were selected as study sites. In summary, the present data showed the presence of 50 species of sea cucumbers from three orders and seven genera, with 34 species require further species identification. It was found that Order Aspidochirotida in general and genus Holothuria in particular were the major species classes. The most dominant species in Malaysia was Holothuria leucospilota. As many as 37 species were found in Sabah, 21 species were recorded in Peninsular Malaysia and 10 species were present in both regions. Of 15 Actinopyga species, 14 species recorded were from Sabah. These findings may be due to the extensive distribution of coral reefs and low level of marine pollution. However, the possibility of biogeography factors within and out of the Sunda Platform area cannot be ruled out. In contrast, low level of species diversity was observed in few study sites in Peninsular Malaysia especially in Langkawi Island possibly due to anthropogenic threats. Future studies including more study sites and molecular phylogeny are to be incorporated in order to obtain better view on the presence and distribution of sea cucumbers in Malaysia

Struktur Komunitas Teripang (Holothuroidea) Di Kawasan Pantai Desa Ondong Kecamatan Siau Barat Kabupaten Siau Tagulandang Biaro1

Sea cucumbers is a group of marine invertebrates belonging to class holothuroidea. At this time, the hunting for sea cucumber is not just targetted on the expensive species, but also the cheap one. The exploitation pressure has caused population decline which can cause changes in their community structure. This research was aimed to understand the types of sea cucumber, analyze the structure of the community sea cucumber which includes the density of individuals, diversity index, the dominance index, interspecific and the dispersion pattern. Sample collection was done at night at the lowest tide in December, 2013. Based on the research activities in the coastal areas of Ondong, west Siau district, Siau-Tagulandang-Biaro regency, 7 species of holothuroidea were found : Holothuria atra, Holothuria leucospilota, Actinopyga echinites, Actinopyga lecanora, Bohadschia argus, Bohadschia marmorata and bohadschia vitiensis, respectively with mean individual density of 0.797 ind/m2, diversity index (H' = 1.718), equity index or harmony (e = 0. 883), dominance index (C = 0.218), interspecific association between 7 species forming 5 pairs of positive associations and 16 pairs of negative association andrandomdistribution

Community Structure of Cucumber (Holothuroidea) in Kakara Island Village Beach Subdistrict Tobelo

Sea cucumbers are marine resources that have economically important value and one potential sufficient resources to serve nutritious meals so that the exploitation of this resource will continue to increase for food need. This can lead to changes in community structure. Sampling was done at night while the lowest ebb on August 20, 2013. The objective of this research work was to identity the species, the species to determine composition, and the population density and to know the species dominance, species diversity, and determine the form of interspecific association. Based on the results of research conducted in the District Tobelo Beach Island District Kakara Tobelo sea cucumber species found were 8 species, Holothuria atra, Actinopygia lecanora, Stichopus horrens, Bohadschia argus, Holothuria hilla, Actinopygia achinites, Holothuria pardalis, and Bohadschia marmorata. The diversity index H '= 1.9463, equity index or harmony e = 0.9359, and dominance index C = 0.1592. In addition, among 8 species associations if formed 9 pairs of positive associations and 19 pairs of negative associations.   Keywords : Structure communities, Holothuroidea, Tobel

Acetylated Triterpene Glycosides and Their Biological Activity from Holothuroidea Reported in the Past Six Decades

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Sea cucumbers have been valued for many centuries as a tonic and functional food, dietary delicacies and important ingredients of traditional medicine in many Asian countries. An assortment of bioactive compounds has been described in sea cucumbers. The most important and abundant secondary metabolites from sea cucumbers are triterpene glycosides (saponins). Due to the wide range of their potential biological activities, these natural compounds have gained attention and this has led to their emergence as high value compounds with extended application in nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, medicinal and pharmaceutical products. They are characterized by bearing a wide spectrum of structures, such as sulfated, non-sulfated and acetylated glycosides. Over 700 triterpene glycosides have been reported from the Holothuroidea in which more than 145 are decorated with an acetoxy group having 38 different aglycones. The majority of sea cucumber triterpene glycosides are of the holostane type containing a C18 (20) lactone group and either D7(8) or D9(11) double bond in their genins. The acetoxy group is mainly connected to the C-16, C-22, C-23 and/or C-25 of their aglycone. Apparently, the presence of an acetoxy group, particularly at C-16 of the aglycone, plays a significant role in the bioactivity; including induction of caspase, apoptosis, cytotoxicity, anticancer, antifungal and antibacterial activities of these compounds. This manuscript highlights the structure of acetylated saponins, their biological activity, and their structure-activity relationships

STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS TERIPANG (HOLOTHUROIDEA) DI KAWASAN PANTAI DESA ONDONG KECAMATAN SIAU BARAT KABUPATEN SIAU TAGULANDANG BIARO1

Sea cucumbers is a group of marine invertebrates belonging to class  holothuroidea. At this time, the hunting for sea cucumber is not just targetted on the expensive species, but also the cheap one. The exploitation pressure has caused population decline which  can cause changes in their community structure. This research was aimed to understand the types of sea cucumber, analyze the structure of the community sea cucumber which includes the density of individuals, diversity index, the dominance index, interspecific  and the dispersion pattern. Sample collection was done at night at the lowest tide in December, 2013. Based on the research activities in the coastal areas of Ondong, west Siau district, Siau-Tagulandang-Biaro regency, 7 species of holothuroidea were found : Holothuria atra, Holothuria leucospilota, Actinopyga echinites, Actinopyga lecanora, Bohadschia argus, Bohadschia marmorata and bohadschia vitiensis, respectively with mean individual density of 0.797 ind/m2, diversity index (H’ = 1.718), equity index or harmony (e = 0. 883), dominance index (C = 0.218), interspecific association between 7 species forming 5 pairs of positive associations and 16 pairs of negative association andrandomdistribution. Keywords : Structure communities, sea cucumber, Ondong, Sitaro   ABSTRAK Teripangadalah sekelompokinvertebrata lautyang termasuk dalam kelasHolothuroidea. Pada saat ini, perburuanuntukteripangtidak hanyaditargetkanpada spesiesmahal, tetapi jugayang murah. Tekananeksploitasitelah menyebabkanpenurunan populasiyang dapat menyebabkanperubahan pada strukturkomunitasnya. Penelitian inibertujuan untukmemahami jenisteripang, menganalisisstrukturteripangyang meliputikepadatanindividu, indeks keanekaragaman, indeksdominasi, asosiasi antar spesies danpola penyebaran. Pengambilan sampeldilakukanpada malam harisaat surut terendahpada bulan Desember2013.Berdasarkankegiatan penelitiandiwilayah pesisirOndong, kecamatan SiaubaratKabupatenSiau-Tagulandang-Biaro, ditemukan 7spesiesteripang : Holothuriaatra, Holothurialeucospilota, Actinopygaechinites, Actinopygalecanora, Bohadschiaargus, Bohadschiamarmoratadanbohadschiavitiensis,masing-masing dengankepadatan individurata-rata0.797ind/m, indeks keanekaragaman(H' = 1.718), indekskemerataan atau keserasian(e = 0.883), indeksdominansi(C = 0.218), asosiasiantar 7spesiesmembentuk5pasangasosiasipositif dan16pasangasosiasinegatif danpenyebaran acak.   Kata kunci : Struktur komunitas, teripang, Ondong, Sitaro   1Bagian dari skripsi 2Mahasiswa Program Studi Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan FPIK-UNSRAT 3Staf pengajar Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Sam Ratulang

Community Structure of Sea Cucumber (Holothuroidea) in the Coastal Area of the Island of Jailolo Subdistrict Nyaregilaguramangofa South Halmahera Regency West of North Maluku

Sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) are a group of marine invertebrate animals of the class Holothuroidea (phylum Echinodermata). At present, hunting of sea cucumbers is not only targeted at species of high economic value, but also of low economic value. The pressure of exploitation has led to a decline in the population that can cause changes in the structure of the community. The purpose of this research is to understand the type of sea cucumber, analyze the structure of sea cucumber which includes individual density, diversity index, domination index, inter species association and dispersion pattern. Sampling was conducted at night during the lowest tide in April 2016. Based on the results of research conducted in the coastal area of Nyaregilaguramangofa Island, South Jailolo district, West Halmahera Regency, North Maluku. Species of sea cucumbers found in the study sites were 6 species of sea cucumber: Holothuria atra, Holothuria hilla, Holothuria scabra, Bohadschia marmorata, Bohadschia vitiensis and Ophedesoma grisea, each with an average individual density of 0.029 ind/m2, the diversity index (H \u27= 1,495), the fairness index (e = 0.834), the dominance index (C = 0.260), the association between the six species forming 4 pairs of positive associations and 11 pairs of negative associations and the entire population has a randomly distributed pattern

Asexual Reproduction in Holothurians

Aspects of asexual reproduction in holothurians are discussed. Holothurians are significant as fishery and aquaculture items and have high commercial value. The last review on holothurian asexual reproduction was published 18 years ago and included only 8 species. An analysis of the available literature shows that asexual reproduction has now been confirmed in 16 holothurian species. Five additional species are also most likely capable of fission. The recent discovery of new fissiparous holothurian species indicates that this reproduction mode is more widespread in Holothuroidea than previously believed. New data about the history of the discovery of asexual reproduction in holothurians, features of fission, and regeneration of anterior and posterior fragments are described here. Asexual reproduction is obviously controlled by the integrated systems of the organism, primarily the nervous system. Special molecular mechanisms appear to determine the location where fission occurs along the anterior-posterior axis of the body. Alteration of the connective tissue strength of the body wall may play an important role during fission of holothurians. The basic mechanism of fission is the interaction of matrix metalloproteinases, their inhibitors, and enzymes forming cross-link complexes between fibrils of collagen. The population dynamics of fissiparous holothurians are discussed

An update on diversity of sea cucumber (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in Malaysia

Sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) are regarded as an important part of Malaysia’s marine heritage due to their diversity and commercial value. Several ecological studies have been conducted aimed at documenting the distribution of sea cucumbers in Malaysia. It is estimated that more than 80 species of sea cucumber are present in Malaysia. Nevertheless, a large number of undetermined species have been recorded, thus requiring further research to update the species identification. Molecular approaches are capable of providing insights into the phylogeny of sea cucumbers and can support the outcomes of traditional morphological approaches, and a number of molecular ecological studies have been recorded in Malaysia since 1999